Figure 1

Example of Southern Ocean waves (wave height \(\approx 5\) m and peak period \(\approx 12\) s) propagating in a MIZ comprised of small ice floes (1–10 m) as seen from the icebreaker S.A. Agulhas II (beam 21.7 m, for visual reference) on the 24 July 2022 at 59\(^\circ\)S and 1\(^\circ\)E, and schematic of exponential dissipation for a monochromatic wave of unit amplitude propagating from left to right. In the schematic the green line denotes the surface elevation and the red line the wave envelope which undergoes exponential attenuation with distance.