Table 2 Risk of metabolic syndrome associated with heavy metals in the study population.

From: Heavy metal exposure linked to metabolic syndrome in Korean male firefighters: FRESH cohort cross-sectional analysis

 

No. of cases (%)

Model 1 OR (95% CI)

Model 2 OR (95% CI)

Model 3 OR (95% CI)

Lead

 Metabolic syndrome

190 (19.65)

2.35 (1.51,3.64)

1.10 (0.65,1.87)

1.14 (0.67,1.94)

 Central obesity

297 (30.77)

1.46 (1.00,2.13)

0.81 (0.46,1.42)

0.80 (0.45,1.41)

 Hypertriglyceridemia

355 (36.79)

2.10 (1.45,3.03)

1.24 (0.82,1.88)

1.34 (0.88,2.03)

 Low HDL

199 (20.62)

1.65 (1.07,2.53)

1.01 (0.63,1.62)

1.04 (0.65,1.67)

 Hypertension

243 (25.18)

1.49 (1.00,2.22)

1.02 (0.66,1.57)

1.09 (0.71,1.69)

 Hyperglycemia

135 (13.99)

2.30 (1.40,3.80)

1.04 (0.60,1.80)

0.99 (0.56,1.73)

Cadmium

 Metabolic syndrome

190 (19.65)

2.59 (1.87,3.60)

1.61 (1.06,2.43)

1.62 (1.07,2.46)

 Central obesity

297 (30.77)

1.58 (1.22,2.06)

1.35 (0.88,2.07)

1.28 (0.83,1.99)

 Hypertriglyceridemia

355 (36.79)

1.98 (1.53,2.57)

1.30 (0.95,1.77)

1.33 (0.97,1.82)

 Low HDL

199 (20.62)

1.90 (1.39,2.58)

1.32 (0.93,1.87)

1.34 (0.94,1.92)

 Hypertension

243 (25.18)

1.11 (0.85,1.45)

0.80 (0.58,1.10)

0.81 (0.59,1.12)

 Hyperglycemia

135 (13.99)

2.20 (1.52,3.17)

1.23 (0.80,1.88)

1.20 (0.78,1.84)

  1. OR, odd ratio; CI, confidence interval; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.
  2. Model 1: metabolic syndrome/ Individual component of metabolic syndrome = heavy metal.
  3. Model 2: metabolic syndrome/ Individual components of metabolic syndrome = heavy metal + age + BMI + smoking + drinking.
  4. Model 3: metabolic syndrome/ Individual components of metabolic syndrome = heavy metal + age + BMI + smoking + drinking + exercise + shift duty + main duty position.
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