Table 1 Isotopic composition and calculated formation temperature of carbonate cements in the Zhuhai sandstones in the study area.

	Well	Depth (m)	Carbonate	δ¹³C (‰VPDB)	δ¹⁸O (‰VPDB)	Precipitation Temperature (℃)Precipitation Temperature (℃)
	Well	Depth (m)	Carbonate	δ¹³C (‰VPDB)	δ¹⁸O (‰VPDB)	δ¹⁸O_water=-5 (‰SMOW)	δ¹⁸O_water=-2 (‰SMOW)	δ¹⁸O_water=0 (‰SMOW)
1	LW4-1	1519.8	Cc	0.97	− 8.62	31	–	–
2	LW4-1	1559.8	Cc	1.58	− 9.92	38	–	–
3	LW1-1	1657.64	Cc	2.51	− 9.73	37	–	–
4	LW1-1	1657.64	Cc	1.43	− 10.44	41	–	–
5	LW1-1	1708.25	Cc	0.11	− 9.59	36	–	–
6	LW1-1	2027.25	Cc	− 0.3	− 8.28	29	–	–
7	LW1-2	2609.1	Cc	1.23	− 11.27	45	–	–
8	LW4-1	1514.8	Do	1.56	− 8.75	61	–	–
9	LW1-1	1671.45	Do	0.12	− 10.31	72	–	–
10	LW1-1	1713.5	Do	0.35	− 9.49	66	–	–
11	LW1-1	2026.5	Do	− 0.76	− 8.49	59	–	–
12	LW1-1	2037.5	Do	2.12	− 11.24	80	–	–
13	LW1-1	2037.5	Do	1.44	− 10.76	76	–	–
14	LW1-2	2577	Do	1.54	− 9.67	68	–	–
15	LW1-2	2577	Do	0.73	− 10.31	72	–	–
16	LW3-1	1861.5	Fc	− 7.48	− 13.67	60	79	94
17	LW1-1	2026.5	Fc	− 11.96	− 15.43	71	92	108
18	LW1-1	2563.5	Fc	− 24.42	− 16.63	79	101	118
19	LW1-1	2563.5	Fc	− 13.87	− 15.74	73	94	110
20	LW1-2	2609.1	Fc	− 10.72	− 14.2	63	83	98
21	LW1-2	2824.8	Fc	− 4.19	− 13.92	61	81	95
22	LW4-1	1559.8	An	− 7.53	− 14.58	88	114	137
23	LW1-1	1658	An	− 7.72	− 14.13	85	110	132
24	LW1-1	2026.5	An	− 4.48	− 12.06	71	92	109
25	LW1-1	2033.39	An	− 2.47	− 15.27	94	121	142
26	LW1-1	2045	An	− 1.02	− 17.22	111	142	167
27	LW1-2	2563.5	An	− 3.36	− 13.55	81	105	123
28	LW1-2	2701.5	An	− 2.65	− 15.46	96	123	136.25
29	LW1-2	2702.5	An	− 7.25	− 14.26	86	111	131
30	LW2-1	2997.5	An	− 6.51	− 18.05	119	152	179

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