Table 3 Adjusted odds ratios of bone status associated with BMI strata with or without metabolic syndrome and cigarette smoking.

From: Linking metabolic syndrome with low bone mass through insights from BMI and health behaviors

Factors

Model 1

Model 2

Normal

MLBD

SLBD

MLBD vs. SLBD

%

%

aOR

(95% CI)

%

aOR

(95% CI)

aOR Ratio

(95% CI)

Smoking (−)

 Obesity status with or without MetS

  BMI < 24 with no MetS

49.4

46.3

Ref

 

40.1

Ref

 

Ref

 

  BMI < 24 with MetS

1.0

1.2

1.2

(0.94–1.42)

1.4

1.4

(0.91–2.11)

1.2

(0.77–1.87)

  BMI ≥ 24 with no MetS

29.5

24.1

1.0

(0.90–1.05)

22.4

0.8*

(0.68–0.95)

0.8*

(0.69–0.99)

  BMI ≥ 24 with MetS

10.3

10.3

1.3*

(1.13–1.40)

10.1

1.0

(0.80–1.28)

0.8

(0.63–1.03)

Smoking (+)

 Obesity status with or without MetS

  BMI < 24 with no MetS

3.8

7.2

1.2*

(1.13–1.38)

11.6

1.6*

(1.33–1.90)

1.3*

(1.06–1.54)

  BMI < 24 with MetS

0.1

0.3

1.5

(0.97–2.39)

0.9

2.9*

(1.59–5.20)

1.9*

(1.03–3.48)

  BMI ≥ 24 with no MetS

3.6

6.1

1.3*

(1.19–1.51)

7.6

1.2

(0.94–1.90)

0.9

(0.69–1.13)

  BMI ≥ 24 with MetS

2.3

4.5

1.6*

(1.42–1.90)

5.9

1.4*

(1.08–1.90)

0.9

(0.65–1.17)

  1. Model 1: Used ‘BMI < 24 with no MetS in non-smokers’ as reference group. The aORs were adjusted for age, gender, educational level, marital status, alcohol drinking, regular exercise, being a vegetarian and BMI.
  2. Model 2: Used ‘BMI < 24 with no MetS in non-smokers’ as reference group. and compared the odds of SLBD relative to MLBD. The aORs were adjusted for age, gender, educational level, marital status, alcohol drinking, regular exercise, being a vegetarian and BMI.
  3. BMI body mass index, MetS metabolic syndrome, MLBD mild low bone density, denotes T score between − 1.5 and − 2.5, SLBD severe low bone density, denotes T-scores ≤ − 2.5., Ref. reference.
  4. *p < 0.05.
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