Figure 1
Studies 1 and 2 procedure and representative stimuli. In the Learning Phase, all infants saw images of four stuffed animals, presented one at a time in random order and in conjunction with a novel name. What varied was whether each was labeled with its own distinct name (Distinct Names condition) or with the same consistently applied name (Consistent Name condition). In both conditions, the naming phrase began ~ 150 ms after the image appeared, and again 10 s later. In the Test Phase, all infants saw four test trials, each featuring two images: each animal from the Learning Phase was presented in the reverse order, side-by-side with a novel animal that infants had not seen during Learning. This provided infants with the best chance to recognize the final exemplars seen during Learning, which were predicted to show the greatest effect of labeling. All trials were 20 s in duration.
