Table 1 Descriptive statistics and statistical analyses for ADHD patients and healthy controls.
Measures | ADHD (n = 30) | Healthy control (n = 30) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (mean ± SD) | 8.0 ± 1.4 | 8.1 ± 1.3 | 0.778 |
Sex (n, (%)) | 0.119 | ||
Male | 20 (66.7) | 13 (43.3) | |
Female | 10 (33.3) | 17 (56.7) | |
Height (mean ± SD) | 129.9 ± 8.2 | 130.8 ± 12.9 | 0.763 |
Weight (mean ± SD) | 30.8 ± 8.4 | 30.0 ± 9.3 | 0.748 |
Main caregiver (n, (%)) | 0.189 | ||
Parents | 21 (70.0) | 25 (83.3) | |
Grandparents | 6 (20.0) | 5 (16.7) | |
Others | 3 (10.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Maternal education (n, (%)) | 0.002 | ||
College or above | 20 (66.7) | 30 (100.0) | |
High school or below | 10 (23.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
Paternal education (n, (%)) | < 0.001 | ||
College or above | 21 (70.0) | 30 (100.0) | |
High school or below | 9 (30.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
ARS scores (mean ± SD) | |||
Inattentive scores | 13.2 ± 7.3 | 4.1 ± 3.6 | < 0.001 |
Hyperactivity scores | 11.7 ± 7.6 | 2.8 ± 2.9 | < 0.001 |
Total scores | 25.8 ± 13.4 | 6.9 ± 5.9 | < 0.001 |
CBCL (mean ± SD) | |||
Syndrome scales (T-score) | |||
Internalizing scores | 62.3 ± 12.3 | 50.5 ± 10.8 | < 0.001 |
Externalizing scores | 66.1 ± 11.2 | 46.3 ± 9.5 | < 0.001 |
Total scores | 67.5 ± 11.4 | 48.4 ± 10.1 | < 0.001 |
DSM 5-oriented scales (T-score) | |||
Affective problems | 62.2 ± 9.8 | 53.2 ± 4.5 | < 0.001 |
Anxiety problems | 64.1 ± 11.9 | 55.6 ± 9.9 | 0.004 |
Somatic problems | 54.1 ± 10.6 | 53.9 ± 5.5 | 0.939 |
ADHD | 69.0 ± 15.5 | 53.3 ± 5.1 | < 0.001 |
Oppositional defiant problems | 63.0 ± 9.7 | 52.5 ± 5.3 | < 0.001 |
Conduct problems | 60.8 ± 9.5 | 52.1 ± 4.4 | < 0.001 |
CAT (mean ± SD) | |||
Simple visual OE | 7.0 ± 9.2 | 1.7 ± 3.2 | 0.005 |
Simple visual CE | 13.7 ± 12.5 | 7.3 ± 7.8 | 0.022 |
Simple visual RT mean (ms) | 547.5 ± 121.2 | 495.7 ± 118.4 | 0.100 |
Simple visual RT sd | 235.8 ± 112.8 | 127.1 ± 60.6 | < 0.001 |
Continuous inhibition OE | 29.3 ± 30.1 | 27.1 ± 45.8 | 0.824 |
Continuous inhibition CE | 24.2 ± 14.7 | 18.2 ± 12.6 | 0.095 |
Continuous inhibition RT mean (ms) | 639.8 ± 140.9 | 576.2 ± 98.7 | 0.048 |
Continuous inhibition RT sd | 289.9 ± 105.4 | 218.5 ± 102.6 | 0.010 |
Interference selection OE | 23.4 ± 25.1 | 17.5 ± 31.4 | 0.427 |
Interference selection CE | 25.2 ± 16.3 | 18.2 ± 17.6 | 0.117 |
Interference selection RT mean (ms) | 717.7 ± 184.8 | 677.3 ± 195.9 | 0.418 |
Interference selection RT sd | 281.7 ± 118.0 | 218.5 ± 116.7 | 0.043 |
Eye-tracking (mean ± SD) | |||
Simple visual FR (%) | 61.4 ± 19.0 | 79.4 ± 16.4 | < 0.001 |
Simple visual FT (ms) | 308.5 ± 116.8 | 695.0 ± 612.1 | 0.002 |
Simple visual CR (%) | 45.4 ± 24.0 | 74.9 ± 22.7 | < 0.001 |
Simple visual Gaze sd | 670.2 ± 2079.1 | 181.6 ± 95.4 | 0.209 |
Continuous inhibition FR (%) | 57.0 ± 17.7 | 75.7 ± 20.9 | < 0.001 |
Continuous inhibition FT (ms) | 278.4 ± 129.8 | 593.2 ± 738.0 | 0.028 |
Continuous inhibition CR (%) | 39.4 ± 25.2 | 65.4 ± 28.1 | < 0.001 |
Continuous inhibition gaze sd | 850.6 ± 2994.8 | 203.8 ± 121.4 | 0.247 |
Interference selection FR (%) | 58.7 ± 18.8 | 79.9 ± 17.3 | < 0.001 |
Interference selection FT (ms) | 277.6 ± 124.1 | 569.5 ± 548.5 | 0.009 |
Interference selection CR (%) | 47.9 ± 22.8 | 69.9 ± 24.8 | 0.001 |
Interference selection gaze sd | 353.6 ± 342.4 | 204.4 ± 94.6 | 0.028 |
