Table 3 Outcome of bivariate linear mixed models showing changes in cognitive function as individuals aged (N = 637).

Outcome	Estimate	se	p
Immediate recall	− 0.192	0.030	< 0.001
Short recall	− 0.083	0.009	< 0.001
Long recall	− 0.085	0.009	< 0.001
Visual recall	0.604	0.014	< 0.001
Trails A(wln)	0.014	0.001	< 0.001
Trails B(ln)	0.017	0.001	< 0.001
Trails B-A(wln)	0.012	0.001	< 0.001
Digits forward	− 0.025	0.004	< 0.001
Digits backward	− 0.026	0.004	< 0.001
Naming(rln)*	0.004	0.001	< 0.001
Digit symbol	− 1.103	0.022	< 0.001

ln: natural log transformed, rln: reflected then natural log transformed, wln: winsorized then natural log transformed, Immediate Recall: California Verbal Learning Test-Immediate Recall, Short Recall: California Verbal Learning Test-short delay free recall, Long Recall: California Verbal Learning Test-long delay free recall, Visual Recall: Benton Visual Retention Test, Trails A: Trail Making Test-A, Trails B: Trail Making Test-B, Trails B-A: Trail Making Test B-Trail Making Test A, Digits Forward: WAIS-R Digits Span Test-maximum Digits Forward, Digits Backward: WAIS-R Digits Span Test-maximum Digits Backward, Digit Symbol: WAIS-R Digit Substitution Test, Naming: Boston Naming Test Score.
*Naming was reflected so higher scores indicate worse function.

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