Figure 4

Proposed binding model of PAA to E. coli. (A) The pH-dependent conformational change of PAA. At pH 10, PAA shows compact structure as compared with that at pH 4.0. (B) At pH 10, the positive charge of the amine group in PAA binds to the negatively charged cell wall in E. coli through electrostatic interactions, and the structure of PAA becomes more compact. (C) At pH 4.0, PAA did not bind to E. coli, because the intermolecular repulsive forces of the abundant positive charge cause an increased loss of entropy.