Table 7 CS-ARDL test results.
From: Linking governance with environmental quality: a global perspective
(1) Full panel | (2) HIC | (3) UMIC | (4) LMIC | (5) LIC | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Coefficient | p-value | Coefficient | p-value | Coefficient | p-value | Coefficient | p-value | Coefficient | p-value |
Short-run effects | ||||||||||
ΔCO2t−1 | 0.728*** | 0.000 | 0.917*** | 0.000 | 0.699*** | 0.005 | 0.826*** | 0.000 | −0.868*** | 0.000 |
ΔCGI | −0.179 | 0.225 | −0.565 | 0.186 | −0.198 | 0.410 | −0.069 | 0.735 | 0.150 | 0.337 |
ΔEGY | 0.328* | 0.075 | 0.717*** | 0.004 | 0.522*** | 0.000 | 0.191*** | 0.000 | 0.229*** | 0.000 |
ΔEG | 0.021*** | 0.001 | −0.035 | 0.260 | 0.047* | 0.081 | 0.061* | 0.087 | 0.023*** | 0.003 |
ΔFDI | −0.172*** | 0.000 | −0.602*** | 0.000 | −0.508 | 0.420 | −0.966 | 0.413 | −0.981 | 0.279 |
ΔHDI | −0.746* | 0.056 | −0.248*** | 0.008 | -0.194 | 0.575 | −0.211 | 0.899 | -0.558 | 0.620 |
ΔPGR | 0.359*** | 0.000 | 0.460*** | 0.000 | 0.355 | 0.422 | 0.279 | 0.575 | 0.318 | 0.555 |
ΔTOP | 0.043 | 0.124 | 0.018*** | 0.000 | 0.037 | 0.845 | 0.033 | 0.310 | 0.275 | 0.320 |
ΔURB | 0.462*** | 0.000 | 0.977 | 0.384 | 0.251 | 0.145 | 0.399 | 0.286 | 0.147** | 0.031 |
ECT | −0.992*** | 0.000 | −0.917*** | 0.000 | −0.891*** | 0.000 | −0.826*** | 0.000 | −0.868*** | 0.000 |
Long-run effects | ||||||||||
CGI | −0.678*** | 0.000 | −0.338*** | 0.000 | −0.245*** | 0.000 | −0.104*** | 0.000 | −0.097*** | 0.000 |
EGY | 0.741*** | 0.000 | 0.312*** | 0.000 | 0.227*** | 0.000 | 0.113*** | 0.008 | 0.100*** | 0.000 |
EG | 0.213*** | 0.000 | −0.016*** | 0.000 | 0.039*** | 0.000 | 0.124*** | 0.000 | 0.201*** | 0.000 |
FDI | −0.398** | 0.047 | −0.775*** | 0.000 | −0.516*** | 0.000 | −0.356** | 0.017 | −0.804*** | 0.000 |
HDI | −0.615*** | 0.000 | −0.780** | 0.033 | −0.604*** | 0.000 | −0.219*** | 0.000 | −0.199*** | 0.000 |
PGR | 0.154*** | 0.000 | 0.274* | 0.084 | 0.418*** | 0.000 | 0.309*** | 0.000 | 0.113*** | 0.000 |
TOP | 0.085 | 0.837 | 0.068 | 0.396 | 0.047*** | 0.000 | 0.033*** | 0.000 | 0.010*** | 0.000 |
URB | 0.467*** | 0.000 | 0.853*** | 0.009 | 0.569*** | 0.000 | 0.266*** | 0.000 | 0.094*** | 0.000 |
Diagnostic checks | ||||||||||
Normality test | 1.19 | 0.310 | 0.87 | 0.525 | 1.07 | 0.378 | 1.65 | 0.275 | 1.32 | 0.398 |
F-statistics | 4.42*** | 0.000 | 4.38*** | 0.000 | 5.13*** | 0.000 | 3.55*** | 0.000 | 4.83*** | 0.000 |
CD-statistics | 1.83 | 0.445 | 1.14 | 0.476 | 0.994 | 0.510 | 0.15 | 0.880 | 0.65 | 0.517 |
Adjusted R-squared | 0.47 | 0.46 | 0.52 | 0.42 | 0.81 | |||||
Observations | 3960 | 1518 | 1034 | 814 | 615 | |||||
Groups | 180 | 69 | 47 | 37 | 28 | |||||
Abs/group | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | |||||
