Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the randomly selected discovery cohort.

From: An angiopoietin 2, FGF23, and BMP10 biomarker signature differentiates atrial fibrillation from other concomitant cardiovascular conditions

Characteristic

No AF

AF

P-value

Univariable analysis

N = 522

N = 411

Odds ratio (95% CI)

Age, years*

67 (58, 75)

74 (66, 80)

 < 0.001

1.043 (1.031, 1.055)

Sex, males

309 (59%)

256 (62%)

0.337

1.138 (0.873, 1.484)

Ethnicity

 Caucasian

362 (69%)

350 (85%)

 < 0.001

Reference

 Asian

112 (22%)

31 (8%)

0.286 (0.187, 0.437)

 Afro-Caribbean

48 (9%)

30 (7%)

0.646 (0.400, 1.044)

BMI, kg/m2*

28.7 (25.5, 32.5)

29.0 (25.1, 33.1)

0.627

1.008 (0.987, 1.029)

eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2

71.7 (26.1)

67.8 (25.9)

0.023

0.994 (0.989, 0.999)

Diabetes

238 (46%)

96 (23%)

 < 0.001

0.364 (0.273, 0.484)

Stroke/TIA

46 (9%)

38 (9%)

0.818

1.054 (0.672, 1.654)

Coronary artery disease

252 (48%)

93 (23%)

 < 0.001

0.313 (0.235, 0.418)

Hypertension

333 (64%)

218 (53%)

0.001

0.641 (0.493, 0.834)

Heart failure

222 (43%)

219 (53%)

0.001

1.541 (1.188, 1.999)

Admission criteria (inpatient)

469 (90%)

293 (71%)

 < 0.001

0.281 (0.197, 0.400)

Medication

 NOAC

12 (2%)

198 (48%)

 < 0.001

39.507 (21.590, 72.291)

 VKA

12 (2%)

100 (24%)

 < 0.001

13.666 (7.387, 25.281)

 Aspirin

362 (69%)

101 (25%)

 < 0.001

0.144 (0.108, 0.193)

 Antiplatelet agents

277 (53%)

76 (19%)

 < 0.001

0.201 (0.148, 0.272)

 ACE inhibitors

194 (37%)

121 (29%)

0.013

0.705 (0.535, 0.930)

 Angiotensin II receptor blocker

82 (16%)

68 (17%)

0.730

1.064 (0.749, 1.511)

 Beta-blocker

306 (59%)

227 (55%)

0.299

0.871 (0.671, 1.131)

 Diuretic

164 (31%)

172 (42%)

0.001

1.571 (1.200, 2.057)

 Calcium channel antagonist

116 (22%)

66 (16%)

0.018

0.670 (0.479, 0.936)

 Cardiac glycoside

3 (1%)

89 (22%)

 < 0.001

47.817 (15.007, 152.360)

 Aldosterone antagonist

37 (7%)

33 (8%)

0.588

1.144 (0.702, 1.865)

 Antiarrhythmics

8 (2%)

37 (9%)

 < 0.001

6.356 (2.926, 13.807)

Biomarkers

 ANGPT2 (ng/mL)*

2.36 (1.73, 3.45)

3.64 (2.28, 6.14)

 < 0.001

1.243 (1.177, 1.313)

 BMP10 (ng/mL)*

1.95 (1.70, 2.32)

2.35 (1.94, 2.94)

 < 0.001

2.953 (2.348, 3.715)

 CRP (mg/L)*

4.95 (1.63, 18.89)

4.19 (1.57, 15.59)

0.386

0.999 (0.996, 1.001)

 CA125 (per 10 U/mL)*

1.23 (0.82, 2.01)

1.57 (0.95, 3.40)

 < 0.001

1.050 (1.020, 1.081)

 ESM1 (ng/mL)*

2.01 (1.47, 2.91)

2.36 (1.78, 3.43)

 < 0.001

1.137 (1.062, 1.218)

 FGF23 (per 100 pg/mL)*

1.65 (1.05, 2.69)

1.97 (1.35, 4.16)

 < 0.001

1.050 (1.023, 1.077)

 FABP3 (per 10 ng/mL)*

3.53 (2.63, 5.19)

3.77 (2.82, 5.92)

0.017

1.001 (0.986, 1.016)

 GDF15 (per 100 pg/mL)*

18.71 (11.42, 31.08)

21.29 (13.41, 35.22)

0.004

1.004 (1.000, 1.009)

 IGFBP7 (ng/mL)*

96.23 (82.74, 115.30)

110.17 (91.65, 140.09)

 < 0.001

1.010 (1.006, 1.013)

 IL6 (pg/mL)*

6.38 (3.31, 14.66)

6.49 (3.37, 14.69)

0.691

1.001 (0.995, 1.008)

 NTproBNP (per 100 pg/mL)*

4.21 (1.08, 14.34)

11.20 (3.51, 28.61)

 < 0.001

1.006 (1.002, 1.009)

 TnT (per 100 pg/mL)*

0.30 (0.12, 1.09)

0.22 (0.12, 0.50)

0.001

0.963 (0.943, 0.984)

  1. Categorical variables are reported as n (%), continuous variables are reported as mean (standard deviation) or median (quartile 1, quartile 3) for skewed distributions (*). The independent t-test (or Mann–Whitney U test for skewed distributions) and Χ2 tests were used to compare characteristics between patients. eGFR was estimated using the CKD-EPI equation.
  2. BMI body mass index, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, TIA transient ischemic attack, NOAC non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant, VKA vitamin K antagonist, ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, ANGPT2 angiopoietin 2, BMP10 bone morphogenetic protein 10, CRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, CA125 cancer antigen 125, ESM1 endothelial cell specific molecule 1, FGF23 fibroblast growth factor 23, FABP3 fatty acid binding protein 3, GDF15 growth differentiation factor 15, IGFBP7 insulin like growth factor binding protein 7, IL6 interleukin 6, NTproBNP N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, TnT high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T.
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