Figure 1

Model formation schematic of dengue infection dynamics between the human population and mosquitoes, which includes the Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes. The black solid lines represent the population progression i.e., movement of individuals from one state to another, while the blue solid lines indicate death. In addition, the dashed red lines signify the transmission of dengue infection either from dengue-infected mosquitoes to susceptible humans or vice versa. The dashed green lines are the proportion of uninfected offspring due to imperfect maternal transmission of Wolbachia infection. The dashed black lines represent time-varying importations of dengue-infected humans (\(\xi\)) or Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes’ importation (\(\kappa\)) i.e., the rate at which Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes are being released. The \(F_{u\left( w \right)}\) and \(M_{u\left( w \right)}\) combinations represent the possible mating pairs and generation of offspring from non-Wolbachia (Wolbachia-infected) mosquitoes respectively. Of these combinations, \(F_{u} M_{w}\) does not produce viable offspring due to cytoplasmic incompatibility³⁹.