Table 5 Stepwise multiple regression of the effects of measured surface physical property parameters on the cumulative inactivation by 405 nm LED treatments for E. coli, L. monocytogenes, and S. aureus.

From: Blue 405 nm LED light effectively inactivates bacterial pathogens on substrates and packaging materials used in food processing

Model: Log reduction = f [surface roughness (Sa, Sq), water contact angle, surface reflectivity % (diffusive, specular)]

Variable added to regression

Multiple R2

E. coli

L. monocytogenes

S. aureus

Sa

0.014

0.001

0.233

Sq

0.079

0.032

0.250

Water contact angle

0.082

0.126

0.943

Diffuse reflectivity

0.295

0.152

0.944

Specular reflectivity

0.558

0.158

0.949

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