Table 2 Coefficient estimates from the final multivariate time-series models for HPAI1621 and HPAI2122.

From: Using surveillance data for early warning modelling of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Europe reveals a seasonal shift in transmission, 2016–2022

Model components/

parameters

HPAI1621

HPAI2122

Coeff

SE

2.5% CI

97.5% CI

Coeff

SE

2.5% CI

97.5% CI

Endemic component

Sine(2πt/52)

0.646

0.089

0.471

0.821

NA

NA

NA

NA

Cosine(2πt/52)

2.099

0.266

1.577

2.621

NA

NA

NA

NA

Sine(4πt/52)

0.604

0.077

0.453

0.754

NA

NA

NA

NA

Cosine(4πt/52)

0.872

0.112

0.652

1.091

NA

NA

NA

NA

Sine(6πt/52)

1.398

0.174

1.058

1.738

NA

NA

NA

NA

Cosine(6πt/52)

0.689

0.096

0.522

0.856

NA

NA

NA

NA

Length of coastline

0.027

0.120

− 0.209

0.262

NA

NA

NA

NA

Area of wetland

− 0.168

0.214

− 0.588

0.252

NA

NA

NA

NA

Random intercept

0.669

1.016

− 1.323

2.660

5.163

1.890

1.458

8.867

Epidemic component

Sine(2πt/52)

0.862

0.091

0.684

1.040

0.976

0.146

0.691

1.262

Cosine(2πt/52)

1.322

0.166

0.997

1.648

1.297

0.146

1.011

1.582

Sine(4πt/52)

NA

NA

NA

NA

0.954

0.106

0.746

1.162

Cosine(4πt/52)

NA

NA

NA

NA

1.029

0.104

0.825

1.233

Length of coastline

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Area of wetland

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Within-country random intercept

0.603

0.102

0.402

0.804

0.662

0.159

0.351

0.974

Between country random intercept

0.123

0.027

0.070

0.175

0.070

0.022

0.027

0.112

Spatial weights (wji)

25.167

6.437

12.550

37.785

28.940

18.993

-8.286

66.165

  1. HPAI1621 is the dataset containing detections from 2016 and 2021, whereas HPAI2122 is the dataset containing detections from 2021 and 2022. Both models include area of country relative to total area of all countries as offset in the endemic component, spatial weights wji as a power-law model with distance-decay for the between-country effects of the epidemic component and uncorrelated random intercepts for all components
  2. Coeff. Coefficient estimate, SE Standard error.