Figure 2

Albuminuria, TGFβ1 and early pathologic changes. (a) Urine albumin to creatinine ratio was increased in all diabetic mice, but higher in female compared to male diabetics (*p = 0.04 between male groups, *p = 0.02 between female groups, *p = 0.014 between diabetic groups) (n = 6–14). (b) TGFβ1 serum levels were only increased in female diabetic mice, (Mann-Whitney U test, p = 0.26 between male groups, *p = 0.05, **p = 0.01) (n = 7–12). (c) Urine TGFβ1 levels were increased in both male and female diabetic groups, but this did not reach significance (Mann-Whitney U test, p = 0.41 between male groups and p = 0.26 between female groups) (n = 6–12). (d) Glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickening was seen to a greater degree in male compared with female diabetics (**p = 0.003 between male groups, *p = 0.026 between female groups, **p = 0.001 between diabetic groups) (n = 3–7). (e) Although glomerular volume was greater overall in male mice, the increase seen with diabetes was higher in female mice (by fold change) (***p = 0.0005, **p = 0.002, *p = 0.015) (n = 7–12).