Table 3 Logistic regression multivariate model showing the average effect of being admitted in the second wave after adjusting for confounding variables.

Death	Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)	p-value
Second wave	0.35 (0.24–0.52)	< 0.001
Age (years)
70–79	1 (ref.)
80–89	1.88 (1.65–2.15)	< 0.001
≥ 90	2.32 (1.91–2.81)	< 0.001
Female sex	0.64 (0.57–0.71)	< 0.001
Age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index
Moderate (3–4)	1 (ref.)
Severe (> 4)	1.45 (1.27–1.66)	< 0.001
Arterial hypertension	1.00 (0.89–1.14)	0.957
Arterial stiffness^a	0.86 (0.77–0.96)	0.007
Severe dependence^b	1.65 (1.42–1.91)	< 0.001
Days from beginning of symptoms	0.95 (0.94–0.96)	< 0.001
Clouding of consciousness	1.76 (1.54–2.02)	< 0.001
Tachypnea	1.92 (1.71–2.15)	< 0.001
Oxygen saturation/FiO₂ ratio	1.00 (0.99–1.00)	< 0.001
Blood glucose (mg/dL)
< 140	1 (ref.)
140–179	1.25 (1.08–1.44)	0.003
≥ 180	1.45 (1.24–1.68)	< 0.001
Inflammatory pattern^c
Low	1 (ref)
Moderate	1.44 (0.75–2.78)	0.277
Severe	3.66 (1.94–6.92)	< 0.001
Bilateral pneumonia	1.37 (1.22–1.55)	< 0.001
Tocilizumab	0.91 (0.73–1.12)	0.372
Remdesivir, start date
No	1 (ref.)
Yes, ≤ 10 days from beginning of symptoms	0.52 (0.36–0.75)	0.001
Yes, > 10 days from beginning of symptoms	0.63 (0.26–1.50)	0.294
Systemic corticosteroids	1.14 (1.00–1.29)	0.047
Ventilatory support
No	1 (ref.)
Non-invasive	4.09 (3.41–4.89)	< 0.001
Invasive	6.36 (4.99–8.11)	< 0.001
Wave#severe dependence^d	1.50 (1.14–1.97)	0.004
Wave#systemic corticosteroids^e	1.59 (1.09–2.33)	0.017
Constant	0.31 (0.15–0.64)	0.002

^a,cSee description in “Methods”. ^bBarthel index < 60. ^dInteraction between wave and severe dependence. ^eInteraction between wave ant systemic corticosteroid therapy. The odds ratio of Second wave represents the average effect of hospital admission during the second wave, adjusted for confounding terms and interaction. Table 4 displays the effect for each combination of interaction term values.

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