Table 1 Mood states, daytime sleepiness, quality of sleep, and sleep complaints during the expedition to Antarctica.

From: Sleep impairment and altered pattern of circadian biomarkers during a long-term Antarctic summer camp

 

Pre- Field

Field-1

Field-2

Field-3

Field-4

Post- Field

One-way RM Anova

ES

BRUMS mood categories

 

Anger

0.8 ± 1.5

1.6 ± 2.6

1.0 ± 1.3

2.3 ± 3.0

2.6 ± 3.1

2.1 ± 3.4

F = 1.22

P = 0.32

0.6M

Confusion

1.7 ± 2.1

4.1 ± 3.2

1.7 ± 2.2

2.4 ± 1.4

2.3 ± 1.8

2.3 ± 1.2

F = 2.25

P = 0.07

0.8M

Depression

0.7 ± 0.9

1.6 ± 2.4

1.6 ± 1.9

1.8 ± 2.3

1.8 ± 2.7

2.4 ± 5.1

F = 0.63

P = 0.67

0.1

Fatigue

2.4 ± 3.3

3.6 ± 3.9

4.2 ± 2.7

5.1 ± 2.8

4.6 ± 3.4

3.6 ± 4.5

F = 1.57

P = 0.19

0.5

Tension

3.3 ± 2.4

5.8 ± 2.7

3.7 ± 1.9

3.1 ± 1.9

4.14 ± 3.23

4.1 ± 3.4

F = 1.58

P = 0.20

0.7M

Vigor

9.8 ± 3.0

10.0 ± 2.5

7.3*,1 ± 4.5

7.6*,1 ± 4.3

7.31*,1 ± 3.6

7.6*,1 ± 3.6

F = 5.17

P < 0.01

0.7M

Epworth sleepiness scale

Daytime sleepiness

9.6 ± 3.2

9.9 ± 4.1

12.3 ± 4.9

12.1 ± 5.6

12.0 ± 5.2

9.1 ± 5.4

F = 2.06

P = 0.09

0.6M

Pittsburgh scale index—PSQI

PSQI-Total index

5.83 ± 2.32

NA

6.71 ± 2.49

5.28 ± 1.80

6.14 ± 2.61

NA

F = 1.05

P = 0.39

0.5

Sleep poor quality

1.33 ± 0.81

NA

1.14 ± 0.90

0.71* ± 0.48

0.85 ± 0.69

NA

F = 3.54

P = 0.04

0.7M

Sleep disturbance

1.00 ± 0

NA

1.57* ± 0.53

1.43 ± 0.53

1.43 ± 0.53

NA

F = 3.31

P = 0.04

1.0M

Sleep latency

1.50 ± 0.84

NA

1.00 ± 0.58

1.00 ± 0

1.28 ± 0.75

NA

F = 1.04

P = 0.40

0.7M

Sleep reduced duration

0.67 ± 0.82

NA

1.00 ± 0.63

0.43 ± 0.53

0.71 ± 0.76

NA

F = 2.05

P = 0.15

0.6M

Sleep poor efficiency

0.67 ± 0.52

NA

0.50 ± 0.84

0.28 ± 0.48

0.43 ± 0.79

NA

F = 0.73

P = 0.55

0.5

Use of sleeping medication

0 ± 0

NA

0.14 ± 0.38

0 ± 0

0 ± 0

NA

F = 0.96

P = 0.43

0.7M

Daytime dysfunction

0.67 ± 0.82

NA

1.57 ± 0.97

1.43 ± 0.79

1.43 ± 0.98

NA

F = 1.89

P = 0.16

0.7M

Sleep complaints

Feel too cold

0.66 ± 1.03

NA

2.00# ± 0.82

1.00 ± 0.82

0.71 ± 0.95

NA

F = 4.80

P = 0.01

1.3L

Feel too hot

0.33 ± 0.82

NA

0.86 ± 1.07

0.28 ± 0.49

0.71 ± 0.95

NA

F = 1.59

P = 0.23

0.7M

Have pain

0

NA

1.57* ± 1.27

0.57 ± 0.53

0.86* ± 0.90

NA

F = 6.63

P < 0.01

1.6L

Have to get up to use the bathroom

1.33 ± 1.50

NA

2.43 ± 0.53

2.0 ± 0.82

2.42 ± 0.79

NA

F = 2.37

P = 0.11

1.1M

Cannot breathe comfortably

0

NA

0.71* ± 0.95

0.86* ± 0.90

0.86* ± 1.21

NA

F = 3.79

P = 0.03

0.9M

Cough or snore loudly

0

NA

0.71* ± 0.95

0.14 ± 0.38

0.43 ± 0.79

NA

F = 3.23

P = 0.05

1.0M

Have bad dreams

0.50 ± 0.55

NA

0.86 ± 1.07

0.57 ± 0.79

0.28 ± 0.49

NA

F = 0.90

P = 0.46

0.6M

  1. Mood state was evaluated using the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS), daytime sleepiness was evaluated using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and the quality of sleep and sleep complaints were evaluated using the Pittsburgh scale (n = 7). These data were measured at Pre-Field (i.e., 2nd and 3rd days on the ship), Field-1, Field-2, Field-3, Field-4 (i.e., 4th, 19th, 33rd and 45th days in camp, respectively), and Post-Field (i.e., 4th day on the ship). At Field-2, -3 and -4, excessive daytime sleepiness (score above 10) was observed. The negative dimension was determined by calculating the arithmetic mean of the following dimensions: anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, and tension. *Significantly different from Pre-Expedition. 1Significantly different from Field-1. #Significantly different from all other time points. Cohen's d effect sizes (ES) were calculated to assess the magnitude of the difference between experimental time points. MModerate effect size, LLarge effect size. The data are expressed as means ± SD. P < 0.05. NA: not addressed.
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