Figure 1 | Scientific Reports

Figure 1

From: The Warburg effect alters amino acid homeostasis in human retinal endothelial cells: implication for proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Figure 1

Profiles of amino acids (AAs) in human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) cultured under normal conditions: The profiles are categorized as follows: (A) Nutritional classification: Non-essential AAs (glutamine, glutamic acid, alanine, proline, glycine, histidine, tyrosine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, and serine) and essential AAs (leucine, valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, threonine, lysine, and tryptophan); (B) Chemical classification: Aromatic/heterocyclic non-polar AAs (phenylalanine, proline, and tryptophan), polar (asparagine, glutamine, serine, and threonine, tyrosine), acidic (aspartic acid and glutamic), basic (arginine, lysine, and histidine), and aliphatic non-polar AAs (glycine, alanine, isoleucine, leucine, and valine); (C) Metabolic classification: Glucogenic AAs (glycine, alanine, serine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, valine, threonine, proline, histidine, asparagine, and arginine), ketogenic AAs (leucine and lysine), and mixed glucogenic and ketogenic AAs (phenylalanine, isoleucine, tryptophan, tyrosine).

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