Figure 1

The problem of sand mining in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD). (a) Locations of riverbank erosion and sand mining capacity along the two main rivers of the VMD, with data source of sand mining capacity taken from provincial annual reports. (b) Geographical location of the VMD. (c) The physical mechanism of excessive riverbed sand mining on riverbank erosion. Maps are made using ArcGIS version 10.8 (https://enterprise.arcgis.com/en/).