Table 2 Economic costs and benefits from 2020 NCS scenario.

From: Natural climate solutions provide robust carbon mitigation capacity under future climate change scenarios

 

Climate future

CanESM2

CNRM-CM5

HadGEM2-ES

MIROC5

Direct cost

 Total

5872

5850

5879

5876

 Annualized

382

381

382

382

Indirect cost

 Agriculture

5048

5344

4959

5036

   SCN

 − 7

3

 − 11

 − 12

 Developed

838

863

850

804

 Forest Harvest

 − 126

 − 113

 − 131

 − 153

   Clearcut

 − 76

 − 49

 − 89

 − 121

   Selection

 − 50

 − 64

 − 42

 − 33

 Total

5760

6094

5678

5686

 Annualized

375

396

369

370

Direct + indirect costs

 Total

11,632

11,944

11,557

11,562

 Annualized

757

777

752

752

Carbon benefit

 Total

1447

1528

1361

1408

 Annualized

94

99

89

92

  1. Estimated direct and indirect costs and global public good benefit generated by NCS interventions relative to the no intervention scenario over the period 2020–2050. Agricultural land value is inclusive of the social cost of nitrogen (SCN). Forest harvest is the sum of the clearcut and selection harvest values. Values are constant (2017) million USD and we use a 5% per annum rate to discount costs borne by California landowners and carbon benefits enjoyed across the globe. See Table S4 for economic results when using a 2.5% per annum rate to discount carbon benefits (but still a 5% per annum rate to discount costs).
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