Table 3 Cost and benefit per ton of CO2e for individual and combined interventions.

From: Natural climate solutions provide robust carbon mitigation capacity under future climate change scenarios

Intervention

Climate future

CanESM2

CNRM-CM5

HadGEM2-ES

MIROC5

Cost

Benefit

Cost

Benefit

Cost

Benefit

Cost

Benefit

Direct

Indirect

Direct

Indirect

Direct

Indirect

Direct

Indirect

Reforestation

36.06

4.87

no seq

no seq

94.87

 − 14.65

46.02

2.39

CFM

 − 2.12

8.34

 − 1.93

8.42

 − 2.08

7.67

 − 2.35

8.42

Agroforestry

5.78

5.83

no seq

no seq

no seq

no seq

3.82

6.33

Cover Crop

710.15

14.13

1,335.09

9.09

403.01

2.39

162.33

9.02

Soil Amend

38.82

15.69

no seq

no seq

16.35

7.17

32.13

6.71

Conservation

69.86

7.75

77.00

7.39

71.78

7.22

63.75

7.64

Combined

32.64

32.02

8.05

30.27

31.53

7.91

32.14

31.04

7.44

31.79

30.76

7.62

  1. Direct and indirect costs and global public good benefit per ton of CO2e sequestered relative to the no intervention scenario over the period 2020–2050. Interventions marked “no seq” means no net carbon storage under that climate future. Aggregate costs and benefits for each intervention are shown in Table S7. Dashes indicate no cost associated with the intervention. Values are constant (2017) USD and we use a 5% per annum rate to discount costs borne by California landowners and carbon benefits enjoyed across the globe. See Table S5 for economic results when using a 2.5% per annum rate to discount carbon benefits (but still a 5% per annum rate to discount costs).