Table 1 Specific components of PM2.5 and possible mechanisms for the association with ischemic stroke.
From: Research progress of different components of PM2.5 and ischemic stroke
Different components of PM2.5 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water-soluble inorganic ions (water-soluble anions and cations) | Carbon-containing fractions | Inorganic elements | Organic matter | Microorganisms | ||||||
Specific components | Sulfate–nitrate–ammonium salts (SNA) | Organic carbon (OC) | Heavy metal elements | Insoluble organic compounds | Living organisms | |||||
Cations | Primary organic carbon (POC) | Major elements (Al/Mg/Ca etc.) | Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) | Bacteria | ||||||
Ammonium (NH4+) | Secondary organic carbon (SOC) | Minor elements (Ti/Cu/Zn etc.) | Aliphatic hydrocarbons | Viruses | ||||||
Calcium (Ca2+) | Elemental carbon (EC) (light-absorbing carbon or black carbon) | Trace elements (Be/Ag/Cd etc.) | etc. | Fungal spores | ||||||
etc. | Carbonate carbon (CC) | Other inorganic elements | Water-soluble organic compounds | etc. | ||||||
Anions | Bromine (Br) | Carboxylic acids | Dead microorganisms or their related components | |||||||
Sulfate (SO42−) | etc. | Phenols | Endotoxins | |||||||
Nitrate (NO3−) | etc. | β-glucans | ||||||||
etc. | etc. | |||||||||
Possible mechanisms | Oxidative stress Chronic inflammation Platelet aggregation Vascular endothelial cell injury etc. | Atherosclerosis Platelet aggregation Accelerated plaque formation Cardiac autonomic dysfunction etc. | Genetic mutations Neural interference Disturbance of the body's dynamic equilibrium and biological processes etc. | Bioaccumulation Atherosclerosis Oxidative stress induced mutations etc. | Atherosclerosis Inflammatory injury Vascular endothelial dysfunction Hematologic changes (hypercoagulability) etc. | |||||
