Figure 4

(A–C) Volcano plots show the sEVs differential lipids in RAs (A), RMs (B), or RSs (C) compared with HCs. The x-axis was the value of log2(FC), FC indicates the ratio of the mean level of the sEVs lipid in RAs, RMs, or RSs to the mean value of HCs, y-axis was − lg(p-value). Blue represented downregulation with p < 0.05, red represented upregulation, and grey denoted no change. (D) Venn diagram shows the number of significantly altered lipids in RAs, RMs, and RSs relative to HCs. (E) Statistical analysis of FFA(22:5) was displayed as bar graphs in sEVs of HCs, RAs, RMs, and RSs. The significance of comparisons was determined by the Kruskal–Wallis test. Data were displayed as boxplots with median and range and each dot represents an individual: HC (Pink), RA (Green), RM (Red), RS (Blue). Lipids quantitated using targeted lipidomics were presented in nanograms of lipids per milliliter (ng/mL) sEVs. p-value: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. RAs recovered asymptomatic patients, RMs recovered moderate patients, RSs recovered severe/critical patients.