Figure 1

Theoretical different directions of effects between parenting and adolescent well-being within a family. (A) Reciprocal effects: fluctuations in parenting and adolescent well-being predict each other from one time point (e.g., day) to the next. These reciprocal effects can differ in nature, such that reinforcing and inhibitory cycles are possible, including positive (+) and/or negative effects (−). (B) Parent-driven effect: fluctuations in parenting predict later adolescent well-being but not vice versa. (C) Adolescent-driven effect: fluctuations in adolescent well-being predict later parenting but not vice versa. (D) No effects: fluctuations in parenting and adolescent well-being do not predict each other over time.