Table 2 Direction of effects within families for parenting-affect associations.

From: The direction of effects between parenting and adolescent affective well-being in everyday life is family specific

Cross-lagged association

Direction of effects

Total Na

Reciprocal

N (%)

Parent-driven

N (%)

Adolescent-driven

N (%)

No effects

N (%)

Positive affect

1. Psychological control

36 (23.2%)

53 (34.2%)↑

24 (15.5%)↓

42 (27.1%)

155

2. Behavioral control

36 (22.9%)

44 (28.0%)

26 (16.6%)↓

51 (32.4%)↑

157

3. Autonomy support

58 (36.7%)↑

29 (18.3%)

37 (23.4%)

34 (21.5%)

158

4. Warmth

87 (54.7%)↑

31 (19.5%)↓

16 (10.1%)↓

25 (15.7%)↓

159

Negative affect

5. Psychological control

28 (18.1%)↓

15 (9.7%)↓

31 (20.0%)

81 (52.3%)↑

155

6. Behavioral control

28 (17.8%)↓

68 (43.3%)↑

17 (10.8%)↓

44 (28.0%)

157

7. Autonomy support

18 (11.4%)↓

24 (15.1%)↓

21 (13.3%)↓

95 (60.1%)↑

158

8. Warmth

29 (18.2%)↓

13 (8.2%)↓

43 (27.0%)

74 (46.5%)↑

159

  1. The group size in bold represents the majority of the sample in the given association.
  2. aA few families had no temporal variance in the parenting dimension, and therefore, had no lagged estimates for that association.
  3. ↑Proportion greater than expected by chance (i.e., 25%).
  4. ↓Proportion less than expected by chance (i.e., 25%).
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