Figure 1

Locations of the two sampling sites. Map of Thailand and location of the Satun UNESCO Global Geopark in Satun Province in the southern part of Thailand. Sampling sites/zones (A1–A5), (B1–B5) and (C) (C1–C5) in Le Stegodon Cave are shown, as are the locations of sampling sites/zones (A1–A5), (B1–B5) and (C1–C5) in Phu Pha Phet Cave. The maps of caves were modified from Siripattharapurinont^21,22 and Muangsong et al.²³. The map was produced using World Imagery from (https://www.arcgis.com/home/) and the Light Gray Canvas Map via ESRI ArcGIS Desktop 10.5.1. (https://livingatlas-dcdev.opendata.arcgis.com/maps/esri::light-gray-canvas-1/about; https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/system-requirements).