Table 2 Monitoring phosphine resistance in field-collected populations of T. castaneum from India.

Population	LC₅₀ (mg L⁻¹) (95% Fiducial limit)	LC₉₀ (mg L⁻¹) (95% Fiducial limit)	LC₉₉ (mg L⁻¹) (95% Fiducial limit)	Slope ± SE	df	Chi-square	Heterogeneity	RR (%)	p-value
Gurgaon	0.881 (0.571–1.416)	17.210 (6.979–108.41)	194.19 (42.722–4684.7)	0.993 ± 0.133	6	14.286	2.041	48.94	0.423
Malwinder Singh	0.825 (0.456–1.410)	11.436 (4.450–168.463)	97.546 (19.235–12,326.19)	1.122 ± 0.169	6	21.899	3.128	45.83	0.432
East Kameng	0.043 (0.032–0.057)	0.294 (0.211–0.458)	1.402 (0.820–3.017	1.541 ± 0.102	6	16.771	2.396	2.39	0.402
Kailashahar	0.038 (0.028–0.050)	0.230 (0.172–0.334)	0.991 (0.619–1.933)	1.645 ± 0.125	6	12.632	1.805	2.11	0.448
Mayurbhanj	0.296 (0.091–0.492)	2.775 (1.537–13.032)	17.206 (5.544–525.182)	1.319 ± 0.186	6	26.107	3.730	16.44	0.500
Mirzapur	1.277 (0.794–2.478)	27.546 (9.199–322.765)	336.96 (56.704–20,439.00)	0.961 ± 0.132	6	16.675	2.382	70.94	0.504
Lab susceptible	0.018 (0.012–0.024)	0.075 (0.053–0.131)	0.239 (0.135–0.700)	2.070 ± 0.198	6	23.309	3.330	1.00	0.314

Probit mortality and dose–response activity of six field populations of T. castaneum collected from different locations. LC₅₀, median lethal concentration (concentration in mg L⁻¹ that would kill 50% of the treated population), similarly LC₉₀ and LC₉₉ (concentration in mg L⁻¹ that would kill 90% and 99% of the treated population, respectively). The fiducial limit is presented at the 95% confidence level; total 720 numbers of insect was taken for each population with eight doses; chi-square value at 95% confidence level; RR, resistance ratio (RR of a test population = (LC₅₀ of the test population/LC₅₀ of the susceptible lab population × 100); df degrees of freedom (i.e., df = n − 2, where n is the number of concentrations administered for bioassay); ‘p-value at 0.05% level of significance.

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