Table 2 Age, education, restrictions in daily activity, and cognitive performance (z-standardized) of mono- and multilinguals.

From: Multilingualism is associated with small task-specific advantages in cognitive performance of older adults

Variable

Monolinguals (n = 320)

Multilinguals (n = 208)

M

SD

M

SD

Age

69.48

6.00

68.19

5.34

Education level

5.88

1.78

7.59

1.91

Restrictions in daily activity

54.55

3.09

55.60

2.30

Working memory

– 0.19

0.94

0.29

1.03

Concept shifting

– 0.10

1.02

0.16

0.95

Stroop

– 0.18

1.08

0.27

0.79

Phonemic fluency

– 0.16

1.00

0.25

0.95

Semantic fluency

– 0.13

0.97

0.20

1.01

  1. N = 528. Sample range of education level: 3 to 10 (Higher scores indicate higher educational attainment). Sample range of levels of restriction in daily activity: 36 to 60 (Higher scores indicate fewer restrictions in daily activity). The groups differed significantly in education, χ2(1) = 96.06, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.181, and their restrictions in daily activity, χ2(1) = 15.06, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.027.
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