Table 2 Technologies of manufacturing lower limb prosthesis.

1

conventional foot (CF)³⁴

SACH (Solid Ankle Cushioned Heel) is non-articulated foot which has no moving parts and manufactured from poplar wood keel with plywood reinforcement

1. Simple Design

2. Low cost

1. Rigid keel that cannot bend

2. Poor Toe off

3. Fixed Heel height

4. Usually limited to K1 and K2

2

Mechanical energy storing and returning (ESR)³⁵

ESR constructed of carbon fiber or fiber glass composite which works as leaf spring that allows mechanical energy storage during stance and releasing it during push-off to support swing phase

1. able to store and release mechanical energy

2. Possible Push off gait is split-toe feature allows to mimic inversion and eversion

3. Decrease the impact and stress on the sound leg during gait

4. Not limited to K2

1. High cost

2. does not have the ability to adapt to different terrain

3

Micro-processor Foot³⁶

Prosthetic ankle–foot which has motors, sensors, and ESR. It has also real time microprocessor control used to adjust and control the damping and braking resistance during daily life activities

1. Able to respond to various terrains and environment

2. Easy ankle adjustments and alignment to different terrains and slopes

3. Improve amputee balance and mobility

1. Very Expensive

2. Cannot provide positive energy to the prosthetic foot

3. Need to be charged

4

Bionic foot³⁷

It is powered controlled prosthetic ankle–foot which can provide positive power to drive ankle–foot movement. It has high power motor to support push-off and dorsiflexion

1. Provide positive power

2. Reduce metabolic energy computation in transtibial amputees

1. Very expensive

2. Heavy weight due to motor weight and battery