Table 3 Antenna III: Optimization results and cost breakdown.

From: High-efficacy global optimization of antenna structures by means of simplex-based predictors

Optimization method

Inverse-surrogate-based algorithm (this work)

PSO

Machine learning

Trust-region gradient-based algorithm

50 iterations

100 iterations

Average objective function value [dB]

− 17.5

− 12.3

− 14.2

− 14.2

− 12.1

Computational costa

110.7

500

1000

473.0

125.4

Success rateb

10/10

6/10

8/10

7/10

4/10

  1. aThe cost expressed in terms of the number of EM simulations of the antenna structure under design.
  2. bNumber of algorithms runs at which the operating frequencies were allocated with sufficient accuracy, i.e., so that ||f(x*) – ft||< Fmax.
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