Table 4 Antenna IV: Optimization results and cost breakdown.

From: High-efficacy global optimization of antenna structures by means of simplex-based predictors

Optimization method

Inverse-surrogate-based algorithm (this work)

PSO

Machine learning

Trust-region gradient-based algorithm

50 iterations

100 iterations

Average objective function value [dB]a

7.4

6.1

6.8

7.6

− 1.1

Computational costb

144.3

500

1000

585.3

138.4

Success ratec

10/10

9/10

10/10

10/10

1/10

  1. aThe values reported in the table refer to the realized gain at the target operating frequency of 2.5 GHz.
  2. bThe cost expressed in terms of the number of EM simulations of the antenna structure under design.
  3. cNumber of algorithms runs at which the operating frequencies were allocated with sufficient accuracy, i.e., so that ||f(x*) – ft||< Fmax.
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