Table 1 Subject and lifestyle characteristics, and related biomarkers.

Age (yrs)

47.5 ± 12.2

51.1 ± 10.5

Education (yrs)

16.3 ± 3.4

15.2 ± 3.1

Weight (kg)

67.8 ± 11.8*

101.5 ± 15.5

Height (cm)

172 ± 9.0

171 ± 9.5

Waist circumference (cm)

82.5 ± 7.5*

112.2 ± 11.5

Sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) (cm)

17.5 ± 2.13*

26.9 ± 3.4

Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m²)

22.9 ± 2.6*

34.5 ± 4.0

Body fat (%)

22.6 ± 7.3*

40.8 ± 7.2

Fat mass index (fat mass kg/height m²)

5.32 ± 1.90*

14.2 ± 3.57

VO_2max (ml kg⁻¹ min⁻¹)

37.7 ± 8.8*

20.3 ± 8.4

Physical activity (MET-min/week)

5463 ± 3723*

2319 ± 2614

Leg/back strength (kg/kg body mass)

1.62 ± 0.6*

1.10 ± 0.5

Handgrip strength (sum right, left hands) (kg/kg body mass)

1.49 ± 0.6*

1.01 ± 0.5

Resting heart rate (RHR) (beats/min)

61.2 ± 10.1*

70.0 ± 10.5

Systolic blood pressure (sBP) (mm Hg)

115 ± 14.5

117 ± 14.5

Diastolic blood pressure (dBP) (mm Hg)

67.8 ± 10.0*

73.0 ± 10.5

Total mood disturbance (TMD)

90.4 ± 7.1*

94.8 ± 8.1

Fruit & vegetable (servings/day)

5.1 ± 2.0*

2.9 ± 1.4

Red meat (servings/day)

0.45 ± 0.64*

1.21 ± 0.72

Food nutrient index (FNI)

74.8 ± 15.8*

60.9 ± 15.8

Alcohol (grams/day)

10.2 ± 14.1

11.0 ± 20.0

Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) (mg/L)

0.77 ± 0.78*

2.61 ± 2.63

Serum insulin (U/L)

4.45 ± 2.7*

16.6 ± 12.6

Serum glucose (mg/dl)

86.8 ± 6.7*

99.8 ± 19.8

Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)

0.97 ± 0.62*

4.23 ± 3.31

White blood cell count (10⁹/L)

4.8 ± 1.1*

5.8 ± 1.5

Serum cholesterol (mg/dl)

188 ± 31.5

188 ± 34.1

Serum low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (mg/dl)

106 ± 25.9

111 ± 30.1

Serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (mg/dl)

68.0 ± 17.5*

52.6 ± 17.9

Serum triglycerides (mg/dl)

75.3 ± 30.4*

141 ± 121

Serum bilirubin (mg/dl)

0.63 ± 0.31*

0.45 ± 0.20

Serum albumin (g/L)

4.61 ± 0.24*

4.41 ± 0.27

Serum carbon dioxide (mEq/L)

24.3 ± 1.7*

22.7 ± 2.6

Serum alkaline phosphatase (IU/L)

64.5 ± 16.7*

76.8 ± 27.3