Figure 1

Schematic map showing the artificial oyster reef area (survey stations St.1–St.12) and control area (survey stations St.A1-St.C3) adjacent to the Luanhe River Estuary in Xiangyun Cove (Xiangyun Island, Tangshan), the northernmost part of Bohai Bay of the Bohai Sea of China. Details for the sampling stations: March 2017 (St.6-St.11), May 2017 (St.5, St.8, St.9, St.11, St.12), July 2016 (St.1, St.4, St.6-St.8), August 2017 (St.2, St.4-St.6, St.12), September 2016 (St.1-St.7, St.9), December 2016 (St.9-St.12), January 2017 (St.1-St.12), control area of July 2017 (St.A1, St.A2, St.A3, St.B1, St.B2, St.B3, St.C2, St.C3). The area (~ 2 km2) is denoted by a white trapezoid with black frames in the nearshore zone of the artificial reef breakwaters. The red solid dots represent the sampling stations in different reef ages created in 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016, which were assessed by diving quadrat survey in July 2016. The green solid dots represent the sampling stations in the oyster reef experiment in May 2017.