Table 1 Aggregated published data for the detection of pathogenic viruses in freshwater environments.
From: Enhanced detection of viruses for improved water safety
Region | Water source | Virus | Volume collected and processed (L) | Sample type | % Positive (%) | Maximum gene copies L-1 | Total gene copies detected | Virus concentration method | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
India | Freshwater Lake | SARS-CoV-2 | 1 | Grab | 75 | 9.9 × 104 | 9.9 × 104 | Ultrafiltration | |
Germany | Freshwater Lake | Avian INF | 10 | Grab | 69 | N/A | N/A | Ultrafiltration | |
Asia | Freshwater Lake | NV | 10 | Composite | 75 | 4.5 × 103 | 4.5 × 104 | Ultrafiltration | |
AdV | 60 | 5.4 × 103 | 5.4 × 104 | ||||||
Asia | Freshwater River | NV GI | 1 | Grab | 13 | 6.6 × 104 | 6.6 × 104 | Adsorption-elution | |
NV GII | 2 | 6.8 × 102 | 6.8 × 102 | ||||||
AdV | 39 | 3.4 × 104 | 3.4 × 104 | ||||||
Sapovirus | 5 | 1.6 × 103 | 1.6 × 103 | ||||||
Polyomavirus | 2 | 5.0 × 102 | 5.0 × 102 | ||||||
Torque teno virus | 3 | 1.8 × 103 | 1.8 × 103 | ||||||
Alberta, Canada | Freshwater River | NV | 20 | Grab | 75 | 4.2 × 100* | 8.4 × 101 | Adsorption-elution | 45* |
RV | 100 | 4.5 × 100* | 9.0 × 101 | ||||||
Sapovirus | 75 | 4.3 × 100* | 8.6 × 101 | ||||||
Astrovirus | 92 | 3.8 × 100* | 7.6 × 101 | ||||||
EnV | 58 | 2.6 × 100* | 5.2 × 101 | ||||||
AdV | 92 | 4.4 × 100* | 8.8 × 101 | ||||||
Polyomavirus | 83 | 2.9 × 100* | 5.8 × 101 | ||||||
Mexico | Groundwater | SARS-CoV-2 | 0.125 | Grab | 44 | 3.8 × 104 | 4.8 × 103 | None | |
Minnesota, USA | Groundwater | AdV | 140-1783 | Grab | 2.50 | 6.4 × 102 | 1.1 × 106 | Ultrafiltration | |
EnV | 0.90 | 2.3 × 100 | 4.1 × 103 | ||||||
NV | 0.50 | 2.2 × 102 | 3.9 × 105 | ||||||
RV | 1.50 | 2.3 × 102 | 4.1 × 105 | ||||||
Alberta, Canada | Groundwater | AdV | 500 | Grab | 3.00 | 8.6 × 101 | 4.3 × 104 | Adsorption-elution | |
NV | < 1 | N/A | < 60 | ||||||
RV | 3.00 | 2.2 × 101 | 1.1 × 104 | ||||||
Polyomavirus | < 1 | 6.8 × 101 | 3.4 × 104 | ||||||
Reovirus | 1.00 | 3.4 × 101 | 1.7 × 104 |
