Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the study population.
Variable | Control (n = 87) | Group I (n = 43) | Group II (n = 43) | Group III (n = 38) | Group IV (n = 26) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 48.1 ± 11.1 | 55.7 ± 11.9* | 57.8 ± 11.7* | 63.7 ± 9.4*ab | 61.5 ± 13.0*a | < 0.001 |
Males (n, %) | 41 (47%) | 23 (53%) | 23 (53%) | 24 (63%) | 23 (88%) | 0.005 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.5 ± 2.7 | 24.1 ± 2.7* | 25.0 ± 5.1 | 24.6 ± 5.7 | 23.5 ± 2.9 | 0.006 |
Smoker (n, %) | 15 (17%) | 8 (19%) | 13 (30%) | 11 (29%) | 10 (38%) | 0.140 |
Drinker (n, %) | 19 (22%) | 8 (19%) | 7 (16%) | 13 (34%) | 8 (31%) | 0.390 |
Hypertension (n, %) | 0 | 12 (28%) | 18 (42%) | 19 (50%) | 12 (46%) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes (n, %) | 0 | 5 (12%) | 11 (26%) | 16 (42%) | 9 (35%) | < 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia (n, %) | 0 | 16 (37%) | 13 (30%) | 13 (34%) | 9 (35%) | < 0.001 |
Family history of CAD (n, %) | 15 (17%) | 9 (21%) | 10 (30%) | 5 (13%) | 6 (23%) | 0.752 |
LVEDV (ml) | 67.0 ± 10.9 | 66.2 ± 10.3 | 62.3 ± 9.2 | 62.6 ± 15.9 | 63.9 (53.3–106.5) | 0.092 |
LVESV (ml) | 29.0 ± 8.3 | 28.5 ± 7.7 | 28.3 ± 9.57 | 24.8 ± 7.3 | 31.4 (22.1–57.4) c | < 0.001 |
SV (ml) | 39.2 ± 7.4 | 37.7 ± 6.7 | 36.5 ± 5.6 | 36.6 ± 9.7 | 32.3 (29.6–41.3) | 0.485 |
LVEF (%) | 57.9 ± 6.6 | 57.3 ± 8.1 | 57.2 ± 9.1 | 58.7 ± 6.9 | 48.5 (40.6–59.8) *c | < 0.001 |
CO (L/min) | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 2.6 ± 0.5 | 2.6 ± 0.5 | 2.6 ± 0.8 | 2.5 (2.2–3.1) | 0.902 |
Heart rate (HR) (beats/min) | 65.5 ± 18.8 | 69.9 ± 9.8 | 69.6 ± 11.1 | 72.6 ± 13.6* | 73.6 ± 14.0* | 0.057 |
CACs (AU) | 0 | 2.6 (0–12.4) * | 33.5 (0–155.9) * | 131.2 (14.6–316.2) *a | 105.8 (6.0–467.4) *a | < 0.001 |
