Figure 1

Native American towns in (a) eastern North America 1760–179035, (b) the Great Lakes region 181036, and (c) Pennsylvania (PA) 18th century (see text for sources), along with contemporaneous tree-ring fire-scar record (FSR) sites (see text for selection criteria). See Fig. 4–5 for an excerpt of 18th-century trails in central PA. Only towns and FSR sites within eastern North America are shown. Also shown is estimated forest age37.