Table 1 Baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes in acute kidney injury patients.

From: Associations between fluid overload and outcomes in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: a retrospective observational study

Ā 

Survivor (nā€‰=ā€‰903)

Non-survivor (nā€‰=ā€‰217)

P-value

Characteristics

Ā Age, years

68 (56ā€“76)

69 (60ā€“77)

0.17

Ā Male sex, n (%)

571 (63.2)

148 (68.2)

0.15

Ā Body weight, kg

61.2 (52.6ā€“71.5)

60.0 (51.6ā€“71.7)

0.43

Comorbidity, n (%)

Ā CKD

155 (17.2)

44 (20.3)

0.28

Ā Hypertension

436 (48.3)

83 (38.2)

0.008

Ā Diabetes mellitus

218 (24.1)

50 (23.0)

0.73

Ā APACHE II score

23 (17ā€“30)

32 (26ā€“40)

<ā€‰0.001

Ā SOFA score

7 (4ā€“10)

11 (8ā€“14)

<ā€‰0.001

AKI etiology, n (%)

Ā Cardiovascular disease

340 (37.7)

59 (27.2)

0.004

Ā Sepsis

199 (22.0)

77 (35.5)

<ā€‰0.001

Ā Major surgery

106 (11.8)

19 (8.8)

0.21

Ā Hypovolemia

75 (8.3)

12 (5.5)

0.17

Ā Severe acute pancreatitis

32 (3.5)

5 (2.3)

0.36

Ā Hepatic failure

19 (2.1)

13 (6.0)

0.002

Ā Urinary tract obstruction

7 (0.8)

1 (0.5)

0.62

Ā Drug-induced

4 (0.4)

2 (0.9)

0.39

Ā Burn

2 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

0.49

Ā Other and unknown

115 (12.8)

29 (13.4)

0.81

KDIGO AKI, n (%)

Ā Stage 1

278 (30.8)

32 (14.7)

<ā€‰0.001

Ā Stage 2

310 (34.3)

51 (23.5)

0.002

Ā Stage 3

315 (34.9)

134 (61.8)

<ā€‰0.001

Cumulative fluid balance

Ā 0ā€“24Ā h

1248.6 (182.0 to 2831.9)

1955.0 (702.2 to 4520.5)

<ā€‰0.001

Ā 24ā€“48Ā h

490.0 (āˆ’ā€‰473.0 to 1386.5)

941.3 (āˆ’ā€‰27.4 to 2098.0)

<ā€‰0.001

Ā 48ā€“72Ā h

32.0 (āˆ’ā€‰800.0 to 827.5)

605.8 (āˆ’ā€‰462.4 to 1439.0)

<ā€‰0.001

Outcome

Ā Ventilator-free days

24 (20ā€“28)

2 (0ā€“12)

<ā€‰0.001

  1. CKD, chronic kidney disease; APACHE, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; AKI, acute kidney injury; KDIGO, Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome; ICU, intensive care unit.
  2. Data are presented as a median and interquartile range for continuous variables. P-values were calculated using Pearsonā€™s chi-square test or the Mannā€“Whitney U test.
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