Figure 2

(a) Haplotype network generated in NETWORK software (v 10.2) using cytb gene of blue sheep in Ladakh and Lahaul-Spiti regions. The generated haplotype was then visualized on the map to understand the sharing of the haplotype in the studied area using ArcGIS 10.6 (ESRI, Redlands, CA). (b) Demographic history of (Pseudois nayaur) population estimated using Bayesian skyline plot in BEAST software v 2.6.3 https://www.beast2.org/ (Bayesian skyline plot showing a stable population in the recent past). The solid line is the median estimates of Ne τ (Ne = effective population size; τ = generation time), and the grey lines around median estimates is the 95% highest posterior density (HPD) estimate of the historic effective population size. The timing of events was estimated assuming a substitution rate of 2.0 × 10–6 substitutions/site/year (Joshi et al. 2020; Johns et al.1998). (c) The multimodal pattern of mismatch distribution was generated using DnaSP (v 6.12.03 http://www.ub.edu/dnasp/), indicating the blue sheep population under demographic equilibrium.