Figure 2 | Scientific Reports

Figure 2

From: Electrical stimulation facilitates NADPH production in pentose phosphate pathway and exerts an anti-inflammatory effect in macrophages

Figure 2

Expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. (a) LPS was added to BMDMs for 1.5 h after ES, and Il-1b, Il-6, and Tnf-a mRNA expression was analyzed. These results represent the ratios in the control group. LPS stimulation significantly increased Il-1b, Il-6, and Tnf-a mRNA expressions. ES suppressed Il-1b, Il-6, and Tnf-a expression in response to LPS stimulation (Il-1β, p < 0.01; Il-6, and Tnf-a, p < 0.05). (b) ES also suppressed Il-1b, Il-6, and Tnf-α mRNA expressions 24 h after LPS stimulation compared to the LPS group (Il-1β and Il-6, p < 0.05; Tnf-a, p < 0.01). (c) TNF-α protein level was significantly suppressed 24 h after LPS stimulation (p < 0.05). Statistical differences between the control and ES groups were tested using Turkey–Kramer test. n = 3 per group. †p < 0.05, versus control group, ††p < 0.01, versus control group, *p < 0.05, versus LPS group, and **p < 0.01, versus LPS group. Data are presented as mean ± SD.

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