Table 3 Overall and subgroup incidence of rhabdomyolysis according to psychoactive substances intoxication.

Opioid

Total

11

8.8 (5.5–12.1)

99.9%

 < 0.001

Begg’s

Egger’s

Subgroup analysis

0.76

0.49

Type of admission

 ICU

3

13.6 (2–27.8)

91.0%

0.001

 Total wards

8

8.1 (4.3–11.8)

99.9%

 < 0.001

Multi-intoxication

 Yes

4

6.4 (3.1–10.6)

77.7%

 < 0.001

 No

7

10.5 (4.8–17.9)

99.3%

 < 0.001

Geographic area

 America

4

7.9 (3.2–14.4)

99.9%

 < 0.001

 Eastern Mediterranean

5

11.4 (2.5–25.2)

29.7%

0.223

 European

2

5.9 (2.8–9.9)

0.0%

0.861

Methadone

Total

6

16.1 (9.6–22.5)

93.4%

 < 0.001

0.042

0.020

Subgroup analysis

Type of admission

 ICU

3

19.3 (1.6–37.0)

92.6%

 < 0.001

 Total wards

3

16.5 (4.6–28.3)

95.9%

 < 0.001

Multi-intoxication

 Yes

1

4.4 (3.1–5.8)

–

–

 No

5

20.6 (10.3–30.8)

93.2%

 < 0.001

Geographic area

 America

2

5.5 (4.2–7.1)

84.9%

0.01

 Eastern Mediterranean

4

16.6 (6.7–29.5)

38.5%

0.181

Synthetic cannabinoid

Total

11

10.3 (6.2–14.4)

90.5%

 < 0.001

0.073

0.015

Subgroup analysis

Type of admission

 ICU

3

25.0 (9.0–41.1)

51.6%

0.13

 Total wards

8

8.2 (4.2–12.3)

91.8%

 < 0.001

Multi-intoxication

 Yes

10

13.2 (6.5–21.7)

92.7%

 < 0.001

 No

1

6.1 (3.6–9.6)

–

–

Geographic area

 America

8

9.3 (3.7–16.6)

0.0%

0.568

 European

2

30.7 (18.9–43.8)

0.0%

0.579

Western pacific

1

10.1 (7.6–12.9)

–

–

Amphetamines

Total

17

30.5 (22.6–38.5)

97.7%

 < 0.001

Begg’s

Egger’s

Subgroup analysis

0.099

0.104

Type of admission

 ICU

3

71.5 (12.8–100)

96.8%

 < 0.001

 Total wards

14

22.7 (15.5–9.9)

97.1%

 < 0.001

Multi-intoxication

 Yes

8

31.6 (16.8–48.4)

95.5%

 < 0.001

 No

9

24.1 (8.3–44.2)

97.1%

 < 0.001

Geographic area

 America

6

65.6 (35.6–90.5)

79.7%

 < 0.001

 Eastern Mediterranean

2

15.0 (3.2–37.8)

0.0%

0.541

 European

5

16.3 (0.4–44.6)

78.3%

0.001

 Western pacific

4

13.6 (4.5–26.3)

55.7%

0.079

Methanol

Total

5

2.0 (0.5–3.5)

74.0%

0.004

0.086

0.003

Subgroup analysis

Type of admission

 ICU

2

21.0 (6.1–35.9)

0.0%

0.75

 Total wards

3

1.75 (0.5–2.4)

76.7%

0.014

Multi-intoxication

 Yes

1

2.3 (1.3–3.8)

–

–

 No

4

3.4 (0.2–8.9)

89.1%

0.001

Geographic area

 America

3

1.6 (0.6–3.1)

0.0%

0.927

 Eastern Mediterranean

2

21.2 (8.2–37.4)

0.0%

0.889

Ethanol

Total

4

3.0 (0.3–5.7)

65.8%

0.03

0.497

0.305

Subgroup analysis

Multi-intoxication

 Yes

2

1.6 (0.5–3.2)

0.0%

0.42

 No

2

2.5 (0.6–5.3)

55.7%

0.13

Geographic area

 America

1

5.1 (2.9–8.1)

–

–

 Eastern Mediterranean

1

33.3 (4.3–77.7)

–

–

 European

2

1.6 (0.5–3.2)

89.2%

 < 0.001

Cocaine

Total

7

26.6 (11.1–42.1)

95.3%

 < 0.001

Begg’s

Egger’s

Subgroup analysis

0.881

0.614

Type of admission

 ICU

1

40.0 (0.5–79.5)

–

–

 Total wards

6

25.4 (9.1–41.7)

96.1%

 < 0.001

Multi-intoxication

 Yes

2

23.2 (17.6–29.1)

0.0%

0.535

 No

5

28.6 (9.3–52.5)

69.3%

0.01

Geographic area

 America

3

29.9 (21.0–39.6)

0.0%

0.573

 European

2

17.3 (0.05–56.6)

85.5%

0.001

 Eastern Mediterranean

1

40.0 (5.27–85.3)

–

–

Heroin

Total

4

57.2 (22.6–91.8)

94.6%

 < 0.001

0.174

0.785

Subgroup analysis

Type of admission

 ICU

1

100.0 (39.7–100)

–

–

 Total wards

3

40.6 (7.1–79.5)

90.4%

 < 0.001

Geographic area

 America

1

7.4 (0.9–24.3)

–

–

 Eastern Mediterranean

1

100 (39.7–100)

–

–

 European

2

50.3 (41.5–59.2)

0.0%

0.391

Tramadol

Total

2

17.07 (10.6–23.5)

0.0%

0.61

0.317

–

Multiple drug

Total

15

29.7 (19.8–39.5)

98.6%

 < 0.001

0.458

0.712

Subgroup analysis

Type of admission

 ICU

6

30.5 (14.4–49.4)

98.1%

 < 0.001

 Total wards

9

26.7 (14.6–40.9)

98.4%

 < 0.001

Multi-intoxication

 Yes

8

25.3 (11.7–42.0)

98.3%

 < 0.001

 No

7

31.6 (20.2–44.1)

97.1%

 < 0.001

Geographic area

 America

4

30.4 (19.6–42.3)

0.0%

0.558

 Eastern Mediterranean

7

34.4 (19.5–51.0)

92.5%

 < 0.001

 European

2

34.4 (31.8–37.1)

97.5%

 < 0.001

 Western pacific

2

16.5 (13.5–19.8)

54.2%

0.139