Table 6 Pre- and post-test scale scores and their comparisons of major outcome variables.

From: Development of immersive learning framework (ILF) in achieving the goals of higher education: measuring the impact using a pre–post design

Variables/outcomes

Baseline

Mean (SD)

Post intervention

Mean (SD)

Mean of difference (post vs baseline)

Cohen’s d effect size

Participants achieved better outcomes

n (%)

Mean

95% CI

p

Wellbeing

15.3 (4.9)

16.5 (4)

 − 1.2

(− 2.0, − 0.3)

0.005

 − 0.26

72 (54.1%)

Trustworthiness

 − 2.4 (8.3)

12.3 (7.8)

 − 14.7

(− 16.4, − 13.1)

 < 0.001

 − 1.82

124 (93.2%)

Strength of will

1.9 (7.5)

12.0 (9.7)

 − 10.1

(− 12.4, − 7.8)

 < 0.001

 − 1.16

103 (77.4%)

Altruism

3.8 (8.2)

16.7 (9.1)

 − 12.9

(− 14.9, − 10.8)

 < 0.001

 − 1.49

114 (85.7%)

Independence

4.7 (6.2)

16.6 (8.6)

 − 11.9

(− 13.7, − 10.1)

 < 0.001

 − 1.58

114 (85.7%)

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