Figure 5
From: Divergent strategies in cranial biomechanics and feeding ecology of the ankylosaurian dinosaurs
Comparative biomechanical performance of the skulls of Panoplosaurus and Euoplocephalus. (a) Von Mises stress mesh-weighted arithmetic mean (MWAM) values experienced by the cranium (left) and mandibles (right, as shown by 3D models above the barplot) of Panoplosaurus and Euoplocephalus under different simulated biting scenarios. (b) Effect of the presence or absence of secondary palate in cranial von Mises stress MWAM under different biting scenarios. (c) Bite force estimates obtained from the lever mechanics analysis at the three different biting positions.
