Table 2 Bite force estimates for Euoplocephalus tutus and Panoplosaurus mirus based on lever mechanics calculations.

From: Divergent strategies in cranial biomechanics and feeding ecology of the ankylosaurian dinosaurs

Muscle	Sagittal angle, α (°)	Coronal angle, β (°)	F_res (N)	Diagonal distance (mm)	q (°)	In-lever (mm)	F(Muz) (N)	F(Ante) (N)	F(Post) (N)
Euoplocephalus tutus AMNH 5405
mAMEP	38.00	14.00	172.55	59.60	68.10	55.30	33.71	45.17	90.29
mAMEM	36.00	5.30	188.56	42.70	87.30	42.65	29.55	39.59	79.13
mAMES	38.00	9.70	243.92	47.70	86.60	47.62	42.01	56.29	112.52
mPTd	34.00	37.00	229.43	17.60	17.80	5.38	3.40	4.55	9.09
mPTv	15.00	42.00	586.54	26.20	33.50	14.46	22.94	30.74	61.44
mAMP	36.00	5.00	121.87	49.10	35.50	31.40	14.07	18.85	37.68
mPSTs	20.00	20.00	115.12	81.20	38.20	50.40	20.01	26.80	53.58
						Total	165.69	221.98	443.75
Out-lever (Muz) (mm)	Out-lever (Ante) (mm)	Out-lever (Post) (mm)
270.50	201.90	101.00
Panoplosaurus mirus ROM 1205
mAMEP	47.00	29.50	72.97	82.50	75.50	79.87	21.28	30.42	49.99
mAMEM	45.00	22.00	195.67	61.00	86.70	60.90	43.50	54.63	89.77
mAMES	49.00	21.00	99.86	56.70	78.20	55.50	20.24	25.39	41.72
mPTd	49.00	21.00	93.99	13.80	35.20	7.95	2.73	3.43	5.63
mPTv	11.00	20.00	498.92	21.10	43.30	14.47	26.36	35.33	58.06
mAMP	51.00	26.00	121.86	60.70	58.30	43.80	19.49	22.62	37.17
mPSTs	41.00	33.00	69.10	90.20	56.40	69.60	17.56	19.25	31.63
						Total	151.15	191.07	313.96
Out-lever (Muz) (mm)	Out-lever (Ante) (mm)	Out-lever (Post) (mm)
270.50	201.90	101.00
Panoplosaurus mirus ROM 1205 (scaled)
mAMEP	47.00	29.50	102.81	82.50	75.50	79.87	29.98	42.86	70.42
mAMEM	45.00	22.00	275.04	61.00	86.70	60.90	61.15	76.79	126.18
mAMES	49.00	21.00	140.55	56.70	78.20	55.50	28.48	35.73	58.72
mPTd	49.00	21.00	132.10	13.80	35.20	7.95	3.84	4.81	7.91
mPTv	11.00	20.00	703.30	21.10	43.30	14.47	37.16	49.81	81.84
mAMP	51.00	26.00	171.18	60.70	58.30	43.80	27.37	31.77	52.21
mPSTs	41.00	33.00	98.04	90.20	56.40	69.60	24.91	27.32	44.88
						Total	212.89	269.08	442.16
Out-lever (Muz) (mm)	Out-lever (Ante) (mm)	Out-lever (Post) (mm)
270.50	201.90	101.00

The third panel shows scaled bite force estimates of Panoplosaurus mirus, calculated from isometrically scaled muscle forces to the same skull surface area as Euoplocephalus tutus.
α, sagittal angle of the muscle. β, coronal angle of the muscle. F_res, resultant muscle force. d, diagonal distance from the mandibular muscle attachment sites to the jaw joint. q, the angle between the muscle line of action and d. F_(Muz), muscle force for bite simulated at the tip of the muzzle. F_(Ante), muscle force for bite simulated at the anterior tooth position. F_(Post), muscle force for bite simulated at the posterior tooth position. Out-lever_(Muz), distance from the jaw joint to the tip of the dentary. Out-lever _(Ante), distance from the jaw joint to first dentary tooth position. Out-lever _(Ante), distance from the jaw joint to last dentary tooth position.

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Table 2 Bite force estimates for Euoplocephalus tutus and Panoplosaurus mirus based on lever mechanics calculations.

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