Table 4 Bivariate analysis of the association of concurrent substance use and daily heroin use with ASPD, MDD and OCD among opioid injection users (n = 328).

From: Psychiatric comorbidities and concurrent substance use among people who inject drugs: a single-centre hospital-based study

Substance

MDD

P value

Odds ratio with 95% CI

ASPD

P value

Odds ratio with 95% CI

OCD

P value

Odds ratio with 95% CI

P

A

P

A

P

A

Tobacco

 Yes

58

261

0.22$

NA

129

190

0.13$

NA

36

283

8.17$

NA

 No

0

9

0

9

9

0

Alcoholic beverages and others

 Yes

44

201

0.82

1.07 (0.61–1.84)

107

138

0.00*

2.14 (1.24–3.72)

27

218

0.86

1.01 (0.45–2.26)

 No

14

69

22

61

9

74

Cannabis

 Yes

51

192

0.00*

2.95 (1.28–6.80)

105

138

0.01*

1.93 (1.13–3.30)

29

214

0.34

1.51 (0.63–3.58)

 No

7

78

24

61

7

78

Cocaine

 Yes

12

51

0.75

1.12 (0.55–2.26)

23

40

0.61

0.86 (0.48–1.52)

12

51

0.02*

2.36 (1.10–5.03)

 No

46

219

106

159

24

241

Amphetamines

 Yes

1

10

0.69$

0.45 (0.05–3.63)

5

6

0.75$

1.29 (0.38–4.34)

5

6

0.00*

7.68 (2.21–26.65)

 No

57

260

124

193

31

286

Inhalants

 Yes

16

65

0.57

1.20 (0.63–2.27)

46

35

0.00*

2.59 (1.55–4.33)

15

66

0.01*

2.44 (1.19–5.01)

 No

42

205

83

164

21

226

Sedatives

 Yes

29

138

0.88

0.95 (0.54–1.68)

72

95

0.15

1.38 (0.88–2.15)

22

145

0.19

1.59 (0.78–3.23)

 No

29

132

57

104

14

147

Hallucinogens

 Yes

13

35

0.06

1.93 (0.95–3.95)

19

29

1.0

1.01 (0.54–1.89)

7

41

0.38

1.47 (0.60–3.59)

 No

45

235

110

170

29

251

Heroin intake

 Daily intake

56

256

0.74$

1.53 (0.33–6.92)

120

192

0.15

0.48 (0.17–1.33)

33

279

0.39$

0.51 (0.13–1.89)

 Other than daily

2

14

9

7

3

13

  1. P present, A absent, MDD major depressive disorder, ASPD anti-social personality disorder, OCD obsessive compulsive disorder.
  2. $Fisher’s exact test; *Significant.
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