Table 5 Bivariate analysis of the association of concurrent substance use and daily heroin use with psychiatric and anxiety disorders among opioid injection users (n = 328).
Substance | Psychotic disorders | P value | Odds ratio with 95% CI | Anxiety disorders | P value | Odds ratio with 95% CI | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P | A | P | A | |||||
Tobacco | ||||||||
Yes | 10 | 309 | 1.0$ | NA | 216 | 103 | 0.00$ | 7.33 (1.49–35.95) |
No | 0 | 9 | 2 | 7 | ||||
Alcoholic beverages and others | ||||||||
Yes | 8 | 237 | 1.0$ | 1.36 (0.28–6.57) | 173 | 72 | 0.00* | 2.02 (1.21–3.38) |
No | 2 | 81 | 45 | 38 | ||||
Cannabis | ||||||||
Yes | 10 | 233 | 0.06$ | NA | 170 | 73 | 0.00* | 2.02 (1.21–3.38) |
No | 0 | 85 | 48 | 37 | ||||
Cocaine | ||||||||
Yes | 0 | 63 | 0.21$ | NA | 52 | 11 | 0.00* | 2.81 (1.40–5.65) |
No | 10 | 255 | 166 | 99 | ||||
Amphetamines | ||||||||
Yes | 0 | 11 | 1.0$ | NA | 9 | 2 | 0.34 | 2.32 (0.49–10.95) |
No | 10 | 307 | 209 | 108 | ||||
Inhalants | ||||||||
Yes | 0 | 81 | 0.12$ | NA | 63 | 18 | 0.01* | 2.07 (1.15–3.72) |
No | 10 | 237 | 155 | 92 | ||||
Sedatives | ||||||||
Yes | 2 | 165 | 0.05$ | 0.23 (0.04–1.10) | 126 | 41 | 0.00* | 2.30 (1.43–3.69) |
No | 8 | 153 | 92 | 69 | ||||
Hallucinogens | ||||||||
Yes | 3 | 45 | 0.16$ | NA | 42 | 6 | 0.00* | 4.13 (1.70–10.06) |
No | 7 | 273 | 176 | 104 | ||||
Heroin intake | ||||||||
Yes | 8 | 304 | 0.04$ | 0.18 (0.03–0.94) | 204 | 108 | 0.11$ | 0.26 (0.06–1.20) |
No | 2 | 14 | 14 | 2 | ||||
