Table 5 Effect of organic manure amendments and LAB on TFC, DPPH RSA, phenolics and non-enzymatic antioxidant activity of fennel plants (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) grown in saline calcareous soil.

Treatment	TFC (µg Rutin equivalent /g⁻¹ DW)	DPPH RSA (%)	Phenolics		Antioxidants		MDA (µM mL⁻¹)
Treatment	TFC (µg Rutin equivalent /g⁻¹ DW)	DPPH RSA (%)	Glycon (mg GAE/g⁻¹ DW)	Aglycon (mg GAE/g⁻¹ DW)	AsA (µM mL⁻¹)	GSH (µM mL⁻¹)	MDA (µM mL⁻¹)
C	7.18 ± 0.01i	79.98 ± 0.02h	0.14 ± 0.00h	0.22 ± 0.00a	0.14 ± 0.00f	0.08 ± 0.01f	0.11 ± 0.00a
FM	9.47 ± 0.03h	82.49 ± 0.07g	0.17 ± 0.00g	0.18 ± 0.00c	0.15 ± 0.00e	0.10 ± 0.01e	0.08 ± 0.00b
FM + Lp	10.66 ± 0.05f	84.52 ± 0.09e	0.25 ± 0.00c	0.16 ± 0.00e	0.15 ± 0.00e	0.14 ± 0.01cd	0.06 ± 0.00c
FM + Ll	11.44 ± 0.05e	84.52 ± 0.10e	0.21 ± 0.00e	0.17 ± 0.00d	0.17 ± 0.00c	0.15 ± 0.01bc	0.04 ± 0.00d
FM + Lp + Ll	16.37 ± 0.06b	93.23 ± 0.10b	0.27 ± 0.00b	0.14 ± 0.00g	0.18 ± 0.00b	0.16 ± 0.01b	0.01 ± 0.00f
PM	9.88 ± 0.04g	84.15 ± 0.08f	0.18 ± 0.00f	0.20 ± 0.00b	0.15 ± 0.00ef	0.12 ± 0.01d	0.07 ± 0.00b
PM + Lp	13.07 ± 0.06d	86.52 ± 0.11d	0.25 ± 0.00c	0.18 ± 0.00c	0.16 ± 0.00d	0.12 ± 0.01d	0.06 ± 0.00c
PM + Ll	13.73 ± 0.06c	87.01 ± 0.10c	0.23 ± 0.00d	0.17 ± 0.00d	0.17 ± 0.00c	0.15 ± 0.01bc	0.03 ± 0.00e
PM + Lp + Ll	18.18 ± 0.05a	95.33 ± 0.12a	0.30 ± 0.00a	0.15 ± 0.00f	0.19 ± 0.00a	0.19 ± 0.01a	0.02 ± 0.00f

All abbreviations for treatments can be found in Table 1.
Mean values (± SE) with different letters within a column are significantly different at P ≤ 0.05 according to Duncan’s multiple range test.
LAB, lactic acid bacteria; TFC, total flavonoids content; DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; RSA, radical-scavenging activity; AsA, ascorbate; GSH, glutathione; MDA, malondialdehyde; DW, dry weight; GAE = gallic acid equivalent.

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