Figure 7 | Scientific Reports

Figure 7

From: Crossing fibers may underlie the dynamic pulling forces of muscles that attach to cartilage at the tip of the nose

Figure 7

Mathematical simulations of contraction of the DSN or OOr attached to the fMCs (gray ellipses). (A) Numerical simulations with an initial condition of the proposed model were performed for three different cases. (B) Each DSN or OOr is attached to the fMC on the same side. (C) The DSN or OOr on one side has crossing fibers on the contralateral side to the fMC. (D) The DSN or OOr has crossing fibers on both sides. For each case, the positions of fMCs and fibers (green and yellow lines) are presented at different angles: front, bottom, side, and oblique views. Note that the main and crossing fibers have different thicknesses. Our results offer support for a possible function of the crossing fibers. The differences between the distances and angles of the fMCs in each case are distinguishable. Moreover, the asymmetric connection pulls only one fMC, which leads to it leaning toward one side. A simulation of contraction of the DSN or OOr attached to the fMCs is presented in Supplementary Videos S5S7. (Note that all variables are nondimensionalized and the computational domain is [− 2.5, 2.5] × [− 3, 3] × [0, 5]).

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