Table 2 Histopathological analysis.

From: Orange juice containing Pediococcus acidilactici CE51 modulates the intestinal microbiota and reduces induced inflammation in a murine model of colitis

Treatment time	Groups	Small intestine		Large intestine		Spleen
Treatment time	Groups	Inflammation n/N (%)	Villus measures (μm)	Crypt measures (μm)	Inflammation n/N (%)	Presence of ulceration n/N (%)	White pulp hyperplasia n/N (%)
5 days	Control	0/4 (0)^b,c,d,e	736,00 ± 161^c,d	206,08 ± 34^d	0/4 (0)^b,d,e	0/4 (0)^b,d,e	1/4 (25)^b
	Colitis	3/4 (75)^a,c,d,e,	782,51 ± 76^c,d	370,31 ± 86^d	1/4 (25)^a,c,d,e	1/4 (25) ^a,c,d,e	3/4 (75)^a,c,d,e
	Probiotic	1/4 (25)^a,b,d	975,88 ± 74^a,b,e	270,93 ± 11^d	0/4 (0)^b,d,e	0/4 (0)^b,d,e	1/4 (25)^b
	Placebo	2/4 (50)^a,b,c,e	985,40 ± 64^a,b,e	725,32 ± 117^ª,b,c,e	2/4 (50)^a,b,c	2/4 (50)^a,b,c	1/4 (25)^b
	Sulfasalazine	1/4 (25)^a,b,d	747,49 ± 135^c,d	327,00 ± 123^d	2/4 (50)^a,b,c	2/4 (50) ^a,b,c	1/4 (25)^b
15 days	Control	4/5 (80)^b,d,e	1181,486 ± 201	342,6 ± 60	0/5 (0)^b,c,d	0/5 (0)^b,c,d	1/5 (2^b,c
	Colitis	4/4 (100)^a,c,d,e	1217,753 ± 218	338,35 ± 28	1/4 (25)^a,d,e	1/4 (25)^a,e	3/4 (75)^a,c,d,e
	Probiotic	4/5 (80)^b,d,e	1026,708 ± 268	299,18 ± 59	1/5 (20)^a,d,e	1/5 (20)^a,e	2/5 (40)^a,b,d,e
	Placebo	2/4 (50)^a,b,c	1255,71 ± 153	347,91 ± 2,6	2/4 (50)^a,b,c,e	1/4 (25)^a,e	1/4 (25)^b,c
	Sulfasalazine	3/5 (60)^a,b,c	961,5913 ± 191	281,41 ± 38	0/5 (0)^b,c,d	0/5 (0)^b,c,d	1/5 (20)^b,c

The small intestine, large intestine and spleen were stained with Hematoxylin–eosin (HE) for analysis under light microscopy and the digital images were analyzed using appropriate software (Image J® 1.50b, National Institutes of Health, USA) by one blind trained researcher¹⁹. The experimental groups were divided into two different periods for treatment, with animals treated for 5 (n = 4) and 15 days (n = 5) with probiotic (orange juice containing Pediococcus acidilactici CE51), placebo (orange juice) or sulfasalazine (10 mg/kg/weight) after DSS administration (3%) to induce colitis. The control group was not subjected to the colitis protocol and treatment.
The following parameters were also specifically analyzed to determine the level of inflammation resulting from inflammation caused by DSS, according to Pegoraro et al.¹⁸: Intestine (small and large): Interstitial inflammatory infiltrate (0 = absent, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = intense); epithelial ulceration (0 = absent; 1 = present and small; 2 = present and extensive); Spleen: white pulp hyperplasia (0 = absent; 1 = present) and red pulp hyperplasia (0 = absent; 1 = present).
^aStatistically significant difference in relation control group (p < 0.05).
^bStatistically significant difference in relation colitis group (p < 0.05).
^cStatistically significant difference in relation probiotic group (p < 0.05).
^dStatistically significant difference in relation placebo group (p < 0.05).
^eStatistically significant difference in relation sulfasalazine group (p < 0.05).

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Table 2 Histopathological analysis.

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