Table 4 Characterisation of chemical pesticides used by farmers in major vegetable growing areas of Kenya.
From: Occurrence and management of two emerging soil-dwelling pests ravaging cabbage and onions in Kenya
Active component | Product names | WHO class | Chemical class | Mode of action |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Lambdacyhalothrin | Duduthrin 1.75 EC, Halothrin 2.5 EC, Karate 2.5 WG, Pentagon 50 EC, Vendex 50 EC | WHO Class II (Moderately hazardous) | Pyrethroid | Contact, ingestion and ovicidal action |
Imidacloprid and beta-cyfluthrin | Thunder 145 OD, Buffalo 100 OD | WHO Class II (Moderately hazardous) | Imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid while beta-cyfluthrin is a pyrethroid | Contact and systemic residual action |
Beta-cyfluthrin + Chlorpyriphos | Betaforce 263 EC | WHO Class II (Moderately hazardous) | Beta-cyfluthrin is a pyrethroid while Chlorpyriphos is an organophosphate pesticide | Contact, stomach and respiratory action |
Alpha-Cypermethrin | Bestox 20 EC, Tata Alpha 10 EC | WHO Class II (Moderately hazardous) | Pyrethroid | Disruption of Voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) function |
Acetamiprid + Cypermethrin | Aster Extrim 20 SL, Twiga Ace 20 SL | WHO Class II (Moderately hazardous) | Acetamiprid is a chloropyridinyl neonicotinoids while Cypermethrin is a pyrethroid | Systemic, translaminar action (acetamiprid), contact & stomach action (cypermethrin) |
Thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate | Taurus 500SP | WHO Class II (Moderately hazardous) | Nereistoxin analogue | Contact and stomach actions |
Deltamethrin | Decis 2.5 EC, Decis Forte EC 100EC | WHO Class II (Moderately hazardous) | Pyrethroid ester insecticide | Ingestion and direct contact |
Emamectin benzoate | ESCORT 19 EC | WHO Class III (Moderately hazardous) | Avermectin | Disruption of the nerve impulses |
Profenofos + Cypermethrin | Profile 440 EC, Profecron 44 EC, | WHO Class II (Moderately hazardous) | Profenofos is an organophosphate insecticide while Cypermethrin is pyrethroid | Acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor with contact and stomach action |
Indoxicarb + Emamectin Benzoate | Benocarb 100SC | WHO Class II (Moderately hazardous) | Indoxacarb is an oxadiazine pesticide while Emamectin Benzoate is an avermectin | Indoxicarb acts by blocking the neuronal sodium channels, while Emamectin Benzoate disrupts the nerve impulse |
Lufenuron | Match 050 EC | WHO Class III (Moderately hazardous) | Imidacloprid is aneonecotinoid Insect Growth Regulators | Inhibits chitin synthesis and interfere with moulting |
Chlorantraniliprole + Abamectin | Voliam Targo 063SC | WHO Class II (Moderately hazardous) | Chlorantraniliprole is an anthranilamide insecticide while Abamectin is an avermectin | Chlorantraniliprole is a ryanodine receptor modulator while Abamectin is a GABA agonist |
Carbosulfan | Marshal 250 EC | WHO Class II (Moderately hazardous) | Carbamate insecticide | contact and stomach poison action |
Abamectin | Acoster 5 EC | WHO Class II (Moderately hazardous) | Avermectin insecticide | Stimulates the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system |
Malathion | Oshothion 50 EC | WHO Class II (Moderately hazardous) | Organophosphate insecticide | acetylcholinesterase inhibitor |
Abamectin + Acetamiprid | Dudu Acelamectin 5% EC | WHO Class II (Moderately hazardous) | Abamectin belongs to avermectin class while acetamiprid is a chloropyridinyl neonicotinoids | Abamectin is a GABA agonist while acetamiprid has systemic and translaminar action |
