Table 2 Toxicity of alumina nanoparticles (Al-G7-600) against larvae and pupae of Culex pipiens 24 and 48 h post-treatment.
Time (h) | Conc. (ppm) | Mean mortality % of Culex pipiens larval and pupal stages (± SD) | Total mean (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | Pupae | |||
24 | Control | 0 ± 0fA | 0 ± 0fA | 0 ± 0fA | 0 ± 0fA | 0 ± 0eA | 0 ± 0f |
5 | 13.33 ± 1.67eA | 11.67 ± 1.67eA | 6.67 ± 1.67eB | 3.33 ± 1.67eC | 0 ± 0eD | 7.00 ± 1.45e | |
25 | 31.67 ± 3.33dA | 21.67 ± 4.41 dB | 18.33 ± 1.67dC | 13.33 ± 1.67dD | 3.33 ± 1.67dE | 17.67 ± 2.71d | |
50 | 56.67 ± 6.01cA | 46.67 ± 4.41cB | 31.67 ± 4.41cC | 21.67 ± 1.67cD | 8.33 ± 4.41cE | 33.00 ± 4.90c | |
100 | 75.00 ± 5.77bA | 60.00 ± 5.77bB | 43.33 ± 6.01bC | 31.67 ± 4.41bD | 23.33 ± 1.67bE | 46.67 ± 5.36b | |
200 | 93.33 ± 4.41aA | 85.00 ± 2.89aB | 75.00 ± 2.89aC | 65.00 ± 5.77aD | 38.33 ± 3.33aE | 71.33 ± 5.31a | |
48 | Control | 0 ± 0fA | 0 ± 0fA | 0 ± 0fA | 0 ± 0fA | 0 ± 0fA | 0 ± 0f |
5 | 23.33 ± 4.41eA | 18.33 ± 3.33eB | 16.67 ± 1.67eC | 10.00 ± 2.89eD | 3.33 ± 1.67eE | 14.33 ± 2.17e | |
25 | 46.67 ± 4.41dA | 31.67 ± 4.41 dB | 30.00 ± 5.77dC | 21.67 ± 4.41dD | 8.33 ± 1.67dE | 27.67 ± 3.74d | |
50 | 65.00 ± 10.00cA | 58.33 ± 8.82cB | 43.33 ± 4.41cC | 36.67 ± 3.33cD | 23.33 ± 4.41cE | 45.33 ± 4.74c | |
100 | 88.33 ± 6.01bA | 76.67 ± 6.01bB | 60.00 ± 5.00bC | 51.67 ± 3.33bD | 35.00 ± 2.89bE | 62.33 ± 5.32b | |
200 | 100.00 ± 0.00aA | 95.00 ± 2.89aB | 86.67 ± 6.01aC | 75.00 ± 2.89aD | 50.00 ± 2.89aE | 81.33 ± 4.94a | |
