Table 1 Baseline characteristic of the participants according to cigarette smoking status.

From: Association between cigarette smoking and serum alpha klotho levels among US adults over 40-years-old: a cross-sectional study

 

Smoking status

P-value

Never smoker (N = 5832)

Quit smoker (N = 3451)

Habitual smoker (N = 2276)

Age, years

55.4 ± 0.2

59.2 ± 0.3

53.5 ± 0.2

< 0.0001

α-klotho, pg/ml

862.43 ± 6.78

827.67 ± 7.27

818.90 ± 8.94

< 0.0001

Sex (%)

   

< 0.0001

 Female

57.50 (55.98, 59.01)

44.25 (41.69, 46.83)

48.46 (45.89, 51.04)

 

 Male

42.50 (40.99, 44.02)

55.75 (53.17, 58.31)

51.54 (48.96, 54.11)

 

Race/ethnicity (%)

   

< 0.0001

 Mexican American

6.93 (5.39, 8.88)

5.45 (4.27, 6.93)

5.36 (4.00, 7.13)

 

 Other Hispanic

4.70 (3.70, 5.96)

3.77 (2.86, 4.95)

3.74 (2.74, 5.10)

 

 Non-Hispanic White

72.71 (69.32, 75.85)

80.12 (77.06, 82.87)

71.92 (67.56, 75.90)

 

 Non-Hispanic Black

9.06 (7.67, 10.67)

6.35 (5.19, 7.76)

12.22 (10.08, 14.74)

 

 Others

6.60 (5.57, 7.80)

4.31 (3.48, 5.33)

6.76 (5.17, 8.78)

 

BMI (%)

   

< 0.0001

 Normal weight

23.77 (22.18, 25.44)

19.19 (17.12, 21.44)

34.30 (31.75, 36.94)

 

 Over weight

35.80 (34.08, 37.56)

35.56 (33.31, 37.88)

32.27 (30.10, 34.52)

 

Obese

40.43 (38.32, 42.58)

45.25 (42.65, 47.87)

33.43 (30.68, 36.29)

 

Marital status (%)

   

< 0.0001

 Married/living with partner

73.52 (71.71, 75.26)

71.91 (69.77, 73.94)

59.12 (56.13, 62.03)

 

 Living alone

26.48 (24.74, 28.29)

28.09 (26.06, 30.23)

40.88 (37.97, 43.87)

 

PIR (%)

   

< 0.0001

 Low

13.86 (12.29, 15.61)

13.72 (11.99, 15.65)

32.02 (28.52, 35.72)

 

 Middle

23.72 (21.80, 25.76)

27.55 (24.96, 30.31)

30.62 (27.88, 33.51)

 

 High

62.42 (59.33, 65.40)

58.73 (55.16, 62.20)

37.36 (34.22, 40.61)

 

Education level (%)

   

< 0.0001

 Less than high school

11.98 (10.43, 13.73)

15.66 (13.74, 17.81)

25.40 (22.80, 28.19)

 

 High school or GED

19.24 (17.66, 20.93)

22.29 (20.05, 24.71)

30.66 (27.82, 33.64)

 

 Above high school

68.77 (66.13, 71.30)

62.04 (58.89, 65.10)

43.94 (40.40, 47.54)

 

Alcohol consumption (%)

   

< 0.0001

 Never drinker

17.05 (15.12, 19.17)

3.01 (2.46, 3.69)

2.77 (2.16, 3.55)

 

 Former drinker

13.73 (12.59, 14.95)

22.87 (20.78, 25.11)

21.25 (19.33, 23.30)

 

 Light-to-moderate drinker

59.37 (56.58, 62.10)

60.46 (57.50, 63.34)

42.01 (39.64, 44.40)

 

 Heavy drinker

9.85 (8.92, 10.87)

13.66 (12.06, 15.44)

33.97 (31.53, 36.51)

 

Diabetes (%)

   

< 0.0001

 No

72.66 (70.79, 74.45)

64.03 (61.73, 66.27)

73.42 (71.08, 75.65)

 

 Borderline

9.51 (8.50, 10.63)

12.54 (10.99, 14.26)

9.46 (8.01, 11.14)

 

 Yes

17.83 (16.39, 19.37)

23.43 (21.24, 25.78)

17.12 (15.39, 19.00)

 

Hypertension (%)

   

< 0.0001

 No

54.41 (52.44, 56.38)

45.28 (42.80, 47.78)

52.16 (49.58, 54.74)

 

 Yes

45.59 (43.62, 47.56)

54.72 (52.22, 57.20)

47.84 (45.26, 50.42)

 

CKD (%)

   

< 0.0001

 No

85.44 (84.02, 86.76)

80.65 (78.85, 82.32)

83.70 (82.13, 85.17)

 

 Yes

14.56 (13.24, 15.98)

19.35 (17.68, 21.15)

16.30 (14.83, 17.87)

 

CVD (%)

   

< 0.0001

 No

92.59 (91.72, 93.38)

85.23 (83.73, 86.62)

84.89 (82.80, 86.76)

 

 Yes

7.41 (6.62, 8.28)

14.77 (13.38, 16.27)

15.11 (13.24, 17.20)

 

COPD (%)

   

< 0.0001

 No

97.36 (96.73, 97.87)

88.95 (87.55, 90.20)

84.40 (82.42, 86.19)

 

 Yes

2.64 (2.13, 3.27)

11.05 (9.80, 12.45)

15.60 (13.81, 17.58)

 

Cancer (%)

   

< 0.0001

 No

88.10 (87.08, 89.05)

81.95 (80.07, 83.70)

87.68 (85.60, 89.50)

 

 Yes

11.90 (10.95, 12.92)

18.05 (16.30, 19.93)

12.32 (10.50, 14.40)

 
  1. Mean ± SE for continuous variables; Percentages for categorical variables. All estimates accounted for complex survey designs.
  2. BMI, body mass index; PIR, Ratio of family income to poverty; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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